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00:00:03
They don't seem to make any sense at all.
00:00:05
Where do they come from...
00:00:07
...and what happens if you fall into one?
00:00:15
Stars are incredibly massive collections of mostly hydrogen atoms
00:00:19
that collapsed from enormous gas cloud under their own gravity.
00:00:23
In their core, nuclear fusion crushes hydrogen atoms into helium
00:00:26
releasing a tremendous amount of energy
00:00:29
This energy, in the form of radiation,
00:00:31
pushes against gravity,
00:00:33
maintaining a delicate balance between the two forces.
00:00:36
As long as there is fusion in the core,
00:00:38
a star remains stable enough.
00:00:41
But for stars with way more mass then our own sun
00:00:44
the heat and pressure at the core allow them to fuse heavier elements
00:00:47
until they reach iron.
00:00:50
Unlike all the elements that went before,
00:00:52
the fusion process that creates iron
00:00:54
doesn't generate any energy.
00:00:56
Iron builds up at the center of the star
00:00:58
until it reaches a critical amount
00:01:00
and the balance between radiation and gravity is suddenly broken.
00:01:04
The core collapses.
00:01:06
Within a fraction of a second,
00:01:08
the star implodes.
00:01:09
Moving at about the quarter of the speed of light,
00:01:11
feeding even more mass into the core.
00:01:14
It's at this very moment that all the heavier elements in the universe are created,
00:01:18
as the star dies, in a super nova explosion.
00:01:22
This produces either a neutron star,
00:01:24
or if the star is massive enough,
00:01:26
the entire mass of the core collapses into a black hole.
00:01:30
If you looked at a black hole,
00:01:31
what you'd really be seeing is the event horizon.
00:01:35
Anything that crosses the event horizon
00:01:37
needs to be travelling faster than the speed of light to escape.
00:01:40
In other words, its impossible.
00:01:42
So we just see a black sphere
00:01:44
reflecting nothing.
00:01:46
But if the event horizon is the black part,
00:01:49
what is the "hole" part of the black hole?
00:01:52
The singularity.
00:01:54
We're not sure what it is exactly.
00:01:56
A singularity may be indefinitely dense,
00:01:58
meaning all its mass is concentrated into a single point in space,
00:02:02
with no surface or volume,
00:02:03
or something completely different.
00:02:06
Right now, we just don't know.
00:02:08
its like a "dividing by zero"error.
00:02:10
By the way, black holes do not suck things up like a vacuum cleaner,
00:02:14
If we were to swap the sun for an equally massive black hole,
00:02:17
nothing much would change for earth,
00:02:19
except that we would freeze to death, of course.
00:02:21
what would happen to you if you fell into a black hole?
00:02:24
The experience of time is different around black holes,
00:02:28
from the outside,
00:02:29
you seem to slow down as you approach the event horizon,
00:02:31
so time passes slower for you.
00:02:33
at some point, you would appear to freeze in time,
00:02:36
slowly turn red,
00:02:37
and disapear.
00:02:38
While from your perspective,
00:02:40
you can watch the rest of the universe in fast forward,
00:02:43
kind of like seeing into the future.
00:02:45
Right now, we don't know what happens next,
00:02:47
but we think it could be one of two things:
00:02:50
One, you die a quick death.
00:02:52
A black hole curves space so much,
00:02:54
that once you cross the event horizon,
00:02:56
there is only one possible direction.
00:02:58
you can take this - literally - inside the event horizon,
00:03:01
you can only go in one direction.
00:03:04
Its like being in a really tight alley that closes behind you after each step.
00:03:08
The mass of a black hole is so concentrated,
00:03:11
at some point even tiny distances of a few centimeters,
00:03:14
would means that gravity acts with millions of times more force on different parts of your body.
00:03:19
Your cells get torn apart,
00:03:20
as your body stretches more and more,
00:03:22
until you are a hot stream of plasma,
00:03:24
one atom wide.
00:03:26
Two, you die a very quick death.
00:03:28
Very soon after you cross the event horizon,
00:03:31
you would hit a firewall and be terminated in an instant.
00:03:34
Neither of these options are particularly pleasant.
00:03:37
How soon you would die depends on the mass of the black hole.
00:03:41
A smaller black hole would kill you before you even enter its event horizon,
00:03:44
while you probably could travel inside a super size massive black hole for quite a while.
00:03:48
As a rule of thumb,
00:03:50
the further away from the singularity you are,
00:03:52
the longer you live.
00:03:53
Black holes come in different sizes.
00:03:55
There are stellar mass black holes,
00:03:57
with a few times the mass of sun,
00:03:59
and the diameter of an asteroid.
00:04:01
And then there are the super massive black holes,
00:04:04
which are found at the heart of every galaxy,
00:04:06
and have been feeding for billions of years.
00:04:09
Currently, the largest super massive black hole known,
00:04:12
is S5 0014+81.
00:04:15
40 billion times the mass of our sun.
00:04:18
It is 236.7 billion kilometers in diameter,
00:04:22
which is 47 times the distance from the sun to Pluto.
00:04:25
As powerful as black holes are,
00:04:27
they will eventually evaporate through a process called Hawking radiation.
00:04:31
To understand how this works,
00:04:33
we have to look at empty space.
00:04:35
Empty space is not really empty,
00:04:37
but filled with virtual particles popping into existence
00:04:40
and annihilating each other again.
00:04:41
When this happens right on the edge of a black hole,
00:04:44
one of the virtual particles will be drawn into the black hole,
00:04:47
and the other will escape and become a real particle.
00:04:50
So the black hole is losing energy.
00:04:52
This happens incredibly slowly at first,
00:04:55
and gets faster as the black hole becomes smaller.
00:04:58
When it arrives at the mass of a large asteroid,
00:05:00
its radiating at room temperature.
00:05:02
When it has the mass of a mountain,
00:05:03
it radiates with about the heat of our sun.
00:05:05
and in the last second of its life,
00:05:07
the black hole radiates away with the energy of billions of nuclear bombs in a huge explosion.
00:05:12
But this process is incredibly slow,
00:05:14
The biggest black holes we know,
00:05:16
might take up a googol year to evaporate.
00:05:19
This is so long that when the last black hole radiates away,
00:05:22
nobody will be around to witness it.
00:05:25
The universe will have become uninhabitable,
00:05:27
long before then.
00:05:28
This is not the end of our story,
00:05:30
there are loads more interesting ideas about black holes,
00:05:33
we'll explore them in part 2.

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