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transistors

pnp

npn

bjt

tutorial

guide

how to

electronics

00:00:03

[Music]

00:00:09

hey what's happening guys today we're

00:00:12

going to talk a little bit more about

00:00:13

transistors and particularly we're going

00:00:17

to talk about NPN transistors versus PNP

00:00:21

transistors and they're basically

00:00:25

opposites of each other in terms of the

00:00:29

direction of current flow while

00:00:32

physically they are similar and if we

00:00:35

just keep in mind that in a way

00:00:43

transistors

00:00:49

are a pair

00:00:54

of interconnected diodes and what the

00:01:05

diodes do

00:01:11

diodes control the flow of current so

00:01:18

that's what our transistors can do they

00:01:20

can control the flow of current acting

00:01:24

as a switch and they also act as an

00:01:26

amplifier we didn't talk about this in

00:01:30

our previous lesson but we'll talk about

00:01:31

it today the four modes of a transistor

00:01:39

which we'll just call Q because I'm

00:01:40

tired of writing the word transistors

00:01:43

those four modes are saturation where

00:01:52

the transistor simply acts as a short

00:01:55

circuit

00:02:01

cut off

00:02:05

word acts as in open circuit then we

00:02:13

have the active mode and in this case

00:02:19

the flow of current is proportional C to

00:02:28

e of the flow of current to through the

00:02:34

base and our last mode reverse active

00:02:46

and it is simply the opposite of active

00:02:54

you don't hear a lot about the reverse

00:02:57

active mode because transistors really

00:02:59

aren't designed to work that way but

00:03:01

they can so we talked about NPN

00:03:09

transistors and we'll just draw one here

00:03:22

so there is our base our collector and

00:03:27

our emitter now when we get to PNP

00:03:34

transistors as I said they are very

00:03:39

similar they contain the same basic

00:03:46

parts

00:03:52

but they are basically reversed the

00:03:59

emitter with the arrow flowing in

00:04:01

collector so when we're doing an NPN

00:04:05

circuit our current flows a small

00:04:10

current flows through the base emitter

00:04:13

junction which allows a larger current

00:04:18

to flow through the collector emitter

00:04:21

Junction when we're talking PNP

00:04:25

transistors a small current flows

00:04:31

through the emitter base Junction in

00:04:33

this direction allowing a larger current

00:04:36

to flow through the emitter collector

00:04:39

Junction and like I said basically

00:04:45

they're just the opposite of each other

00:04:47

when we designed NPN transistor circuits

00:04:51

we usually put the NPN on the low side

00:04:55

and when we design PNP transistors we

00:05:00

generally put the PNP on the high side

00:05:04

but what I'm gonna show you today are

00:05:07

both common emitter circuits the emitter

00:05:18

is tied to the common point and in the

00:05:24

NPN the emitter will be tied to

00:05:29

basically ground and in the PNP the

00:05:35

emitter will be tied to VCC but those

00:05:40

are our common points and those are how

00:05:43

the transistors work all right so I've

00:05:47

rigged up two simple transistor as a

00:05:51

switch circuit over here on the left

00:05:54

side we have our NPN transistor an LED a

00:05:59

base resistor and a current limiting

00:06:02

resistor on the led

00:06:06

so our VCC flows through the led into

00:06:18

the collector in our emitter goes to

00:06:25

ground and then we have our base right

00:06:29

now the base is tied to ground so I

00:06:34

bring in some power this is 5 volts and

00:06:43

if we tie our base to VCC and plug our

00:06:52

ground into the correct socket current

00:06:57

flows through the collector emitter

00:06:59

junction because the voltage in the

00:07:05

current is higher at the base than it is

00:07:09

at the emitter and then if we put it

00:07:16

back to ground now current at the base

00:07:22

is lower than current at the collector

00:07:26

and nothing flows now over here on this

00:07:31

side we have our PNP transistor set up

00:07:36

as a high side circuit we have VCC going

00:07:40

to the emitter and then the collector

00:07:43

flows through the transistor which flows

00:07:46

the ground and we have our base

00:07:49

transistor right now tied to VCC but if

00:07:55

we tie it to ground current flows

00:07:57

through the emitter collector Junction

00:08:01

and we light the LED so you can see how

00:08:07

they are in a way very similar but in

00:08:11

actuality quite reversed now let's take

00:08:17

a look at something really neat I don't

00:08:19

want you guys put on your thinking caps

00:08:21

cuz I'm not gonna tell you how this

00:08:23

occurs you're gonna tell me in the

00:08:25

comments down below

00:08:27

all right so here's our our two circuits

00:08:30

our NPN high sides high side slow side

00:08:34

circuit and our PNP high side circuit

00:08:37

remember when we put the base either

00:08:40

high or low they switch on the LED now

00:08:45

here is largely no Nana running the

00:08:49

blink sketch it turns on pin 13 I for

00:08:54

one second and low for one second so

00:09:00

let's start by connecting our grounds

00:09:04

together we always need a common ground

00:09:13

next let's take our bases

00:09:20

and common them together

00:09:28

and then we will take five volts from

00:09:34

the Arduino and put it to the vc zero

00:09:38

now look what's happened here both LEDs

00:09:43

are lit but now let's connect pin D 13

00:09:50

to our bases and what's happening now we

00:09:58

have created a simple oscillator circuit

00:10:04

when pin 13 is high our NPN circuit

00:10:09

lights when it's low RPN P circuit

00:10:15

lights so I want you guys to tell me why

00:10:19

you think that's happening in the

00:10:22

comments down below I hope you guys

00:10:26

enjoyed this if you did please give me a

00:10:28

thumbs up feel free to comment share

00:10:31

don't forget to subscribe please check

00:10:34

out the patreon page dollar-a-month keep

00:10:38

the channel live and a big thank you to

00:10:41

everybody who has pledged some money

00:10:43

already I'll be showing your names at

00:10:45

the end of every video that's it I'm out

00:10:51

peace

00:11:01

you

Description:

Get professional PCBs for low prices from www.pcbway.com --~-- In this video we compare NPN and PNP BJT transistors. We look at high side vs low side switching and how they are mirror images of each other. If you like the videos and want to keep help keep this channel alive, please visit the Patreon page and a pledge a dollar a month. This will be much appreciated and get you some exclusive perks available only to Patreon supporters, https://www.patreon.com/profile/creators?u=7902073

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