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00:00:01
Uranus is mainly known for its name, the brunt of
many jokes, no doubt the comments will be full of 00:00:07
them. But beyond that it’s actually one of the
lesser understood worlds of the solar system 00:00:11
that doesn’t get anywhere near the attention
that it actually deserves because in many ways, 00:00:17
it’s actually one of the the most mysterious
planets in the solar system hinting at a history 00:00:21
and structure very different from any other world,
other than possibly Neptune. But not exactly.00:00:28
Uranus is the seventh planet and it was
the first of the planets to be discovered 00:00:32
rather than having been known as a planet since
time immemorial. At least as far as we know, 00:00:38
because Uranus actually is visible to the
naked eye under ideal dark sky conditions, 00:00:43
and while dim, it does show the same albeit
very slow movements of a planet that set all 00:00:49
the other worlds of the solar system apart
from stars to the ancients. Maybe someone 00:00:55
somewhere across the vastness of human history
realized that, but it’s just not preserved.00:01:01
It was indeed observed however, that much
we know. Hipparchus seems to have seen it 00:01:05
and included it in a star catalog in 128 BC,
and it was seen very clearly in 1690 multiple 00:01:13
times by John Flamsteed who called it 34
Tauri. Also the French Astronomer Pierre 00:01:19
LeMonnier observed it multiple times over a
period of decades. But every observation we 00:01:25
know of misidentified it as a star and no
one had noticed it’s very slow movement.00:01:32
In light of that, the credit for the first
observation and its discovery as a planet goes to 00:01:36
William Herschel on March 13, 1781. The thing is,
Herschel initially misidentified it not as a star, 00:01:45
but a comet. He finally noticed the movement at
least, but at the very high magnifications he was 00:01:51
observing with, and the fact that his telescope
was built to 18th century capabilities, that it 00:01:56
looked nebulous to him like a comet should,
among other observational techniques he employed.00:02:02
The Astronomer Royal, Nevil Maskelyne, was
utterly perplexed at Herschel’s find. Writing 00:02:09
Herschel in a letter from April 23, 1781, he told
Herschel that he had observed it and had no idea 00:02:16
what to call it because in his telescope he saw
no coma or tail and he noted that it could just 00:02:23
as easily be a planet. Herschel held out
on his comet theory however, as a number 00:02:28
of other astronomers observing it began to
strongly suspect it was actually a planet.00:02:34
I think one possibility here is that Herschel
simply felt that a comet was more likely because 00:02:38
they are common, whereas discovering a planet
and saying so would be extraordinary. But, 00:02:44
it was indeed a planet, and Herschel finally
gave in in 1783 which moved King George III 00:02:50
to give him an annual stipend of 200 pounds.
Not shabby when you account for inflation, 00:02:57
but it came with the condition that Herschel
had to move to Windsor so the king could look 00:03:01
through his telescopes. And indeed, Herschel
wanted to name the planet after the King, 00:03:06
but this was not of much interest outside
of Britain and it was later agreed upon to 00:03:11
be Uranus in keeping with a tradition of
naming planets after Greco-Roman deities.00:03:17
The realization of a new planet by the
astronomical community had an odd effect 00:03:22
in that it actually dramatically expanded the
solar system from our perspective. Before that 00:03:27
March night, the solar system was seen as ending
at Saturn. But the discovery of Uranus expanded 00:03:33
that out to the point of effectively
doubling the size of the known solar 00:03:37
system because Uranus is very far out, about
twice the distance from the sun than Saturn.00:03:44
So far, in the years since its discovery,
the vast majority of observations of Uranus 00:03:49
were from earth, and only one spacecraft,
Voyager 2 in 1986, has ever visited it, 00:03:56
and then it was only a fly by. But from what
we do know, Uranus is flat out enigmatic and 00:04:01
strange. The first great mystery is that Uranus
literally orbits the sun on its side and this 00:04:08
leads to weird effects and a huge mystery as to
how things came to be this way with that planet.00:04:15
So the first weird part is that Uranus has a ring
system, nothing close to as extensive as that 00:04:20
of Saturn, but it does have rings and from our
perspective of rotating mostly within the plane of 00:04:25
the solar system, Uranus’ ring system looks like
a coin spinning on a table because the planet is 00:04:32
literally knocked over. Its day is just over 17
hours, and its year, or its orbit of the sun is 00:04:38
about 84 years, which is slow, explaining why it
was so hard to pin it down as a planet initially.00:04:45
Why uranus is on its side, its equator is very
close to being at a right angle to its orbital 00:04:51
plane, a tilt of 97.77 degrees, is unknown but the
best explanation is that something huge hit it, 00:04:59
presumably a large planet about the size of earth
at some point in the history of the solar system, 00:05:05
or a series of hits by minor planets could
have done it also in a more gradual manner. 00:05:10
But there’s a problem, if it really was
that active in that area of the outer 00:05:14
solar system then you would expect Neptune to
also have been subject to heavy bombardment 00:05:20
from planetesimals and show evidence of it,
and it does not appear to have been the case.00:05:27
Recent work from 2022 at the Paris
observatory under Melaine Saillenfest, 00:05:32
link to the paper in the description
below, has revisited this and there 00:05:37
seems to have been another way to force Uranus
into this weird juxtaposition. As it turns out, 00:05:43
the tilting could also be explained if Uranus
once had a rather large satellite that was 00:05:48
acting on it and gradually flipped it into
this position. We know that moons can migrate, 00:05:54
our own moon is moving out about 3.8 centimeters
per year, and if that migration resonates with 00:06:00
certain aspects of how the planet is rotating
and how its mass is, strange things can happen.00:06:07
The problem is, Uranus seems to no longer
have this moon, though it’s possible that 00:06:11
some situational dynamic of its existing moons
might explain it. But if it was a larger moon, 00:06:18
where it went or if it still exists is a
complete mystery. Another major mystery 00:06:23
of Uranus is its internal structure. Uranus
is the least massive of the giant planets, 00:06:29
and comes in about 14.5 times the mass of
earth. It is classed, along with Neptune, 00:06:35
as an ice giant rather than a gas
giant like Saturn and Jupiter.00:06:40
The meaning of ice giant is that Uranus has a
thick layer of water, methane and ammonia “ices” 00:06:46
in parentheses probably surrounding a rock and
metal core. The exact details of the ice layer 00:06:53
though are not well understood. Based on what can
be determined by density and other indicators, 00:06:59
the core is smaller in mass than earth,
about half, and the mass of the ice mantle 00:07:04
is unknown but likely to be within 9.3
and 13.5 earth masses. Above that is an 00:07:12
atmosphere of mostly hydrogen and helium with
a probably indistinct transition zone between.00:07:19
Ices in this sense though is a somewhat misleading
way to describe it. It’s really a dense fluid, 00:07:25
sometimes characterized as a hot ammonia and water
ocean that is also highly electrically conductive. 00:07:32
But there are many questions here, what is the
transition zone between the core and the ocean 00:07:37
like, is it defined or fuzzy. What happens to
methane deep inside that high pressure zone, 00:07:43
does it break down? If it does break down
the carbon from the methane molecules may 00:07:48
be forced into diamonds which then
rain downwards through the ocean.00:07:53
And here is where Uranus gets very alien
indeed. There were a series of experiments 00:07:58
done at Lawrence Livermore under extremely
high pressure that suggest that Uranus may 00:08:03
have a layer at the base of the mantle made
up of metallic carbon in liquid form that 00:08:09
may have something like icebergs floating
in it that are made entirely of diamond.00:08:15
There may also be a layer of superionic water
where oxygen is forced into a crystalline 00:08:21
lattice form with hydrogen moving freely
through it. This material has a fair amount 00:08:26
of experimental evidence pointing to its
existence. But that’s just one of several 00:08:30
models for the interior of Uranus and no one
is quite sure what actually is correct. Only 00:08:36
a dedicated space probe sent to Uranus will
shed light on the interior of the planet.00:08:41
And then there is the mystery of Uranus’ magnetic
field. This is strange. So Voyager two found that 00:08:47
both Uranus and Neptune feature magnetic fields
offset from their rotation to a high degree, 00:08:53
in Uranus’ case it’s off by 59 degrees, which is
the most for any planet. Uranus’ magnetic field 00:09:01
is also very complex and weird compared to most
planets, and part of this is due to Uranus being 00:09:07
on its side, meaning it’s interacting with the
solar wind differently than anywhere else in the 00:09:12
solar system. Open questions are how that magnetic
field is being generated internally in Uranus, 00:09:19
and whether the magnetic field has changed since
Voyager 2’s fly by. Again, only a new probe 00:09:26
will tell, and to do that it will have to fly
directly through the field and make measurements.00:09:32
While internally hot, it’s important not to
overstate this, Uranus overall is actually 00:09:37
the coldest planet in the solar system.
Weirdly, even though it’s closer to the sun, 00:09:41
it’s actually colder than Neptune, with
temperatures as low as -224 celcius, 00:09:47
or - 372 Fahrenheit measured. No one knows
why this is, but it suggests that Uranus 00:09:55
simply doesn’t have the level of internal heating
that Neptune does. Why that is, remains unclear.00:10:01
But one idea here is that whatever hit Uranus and
knocked it on its side, if that’s what happened, 00:10:06
managed to dissipate some of Uranus’ internal
heat leading to the colder overall environment, 00:10:12
but there’s more. So Uranus does have weather, 00:10:15
it has high winds and sometimes storms
that can last a long time. Well, 00:10:20
the best explanation for that is internal heating
driving it, but since there doesn’t appear to be 00:10:26
much internal heating it’s a mystery as
to how all of that works so dynamically.00:10:31
And then come the moons and rings. The
four largest moons, Titania, Oberon, 00:10:37
Umbriel and Ariel all could be ice shell moons
with liquid water oceans under the ice due to all 00:10:43
four seemingly having the ability to insulate
their internal heating. Titania and Oberon 00:10:49
specifically could in principle have rocky
interiors that interact directly with the 00:10:54
liquid water, transferring heat and nutrients
into the water raising the chances for life.00:11:00
The rings also seem to be more dynamic than
the other ring systems of the solar system, 00:11:05
they seem to shift over relatively
short time scales and move around, 00:11:09
yet remain overall coherent. How that works is
also a major mystery. And one final mystery is the 00:11:16
question of just where in the solar nebula Uranus
originally formed. That’s uncertain right now 00:11:21
because we’ve never dropped a probe into it and
examined its chemical make up in greater detail.00:11:27
The good news is that we’re probably going
to solve at least some of these mysteries, 00:11:31
and very likely find new ones, because Uranus
is back on the agenda. The 2013 Decadal survey, 00:11:38
which is how NASA sets priorities
through consulting researchers, 00:11:41
basically came up with three priorities. The
first was Europa, with the Europa Clipper mission, 00:11:48
which is happening and slated for launch in
October. The second was the Mars sample return 00:11:53
mission, in which some samples were taken by the
Perseverance rover that could be collected up, 00:11:59
but recent budgetary concerns threaten the
sample return mission or at least will delay 00:12:04
it significantly. Last was Uranus, which a
mission there did not happen that decade.00:12:11
Fast forward to last year, the 2023 Decadal survey
which Uranus features again as a top priority. 00:12:19
It’s still preliminary but the idea is a flagship
mission to Uranus to enter orbit and study it long 00:12:25
term, rather than just another flyby, and ideally
will drop a probe into the planet’s interior. In 00:12:32
principle, a mission could launch as early
as 2031, for an arrival at Uranus in 2043, 00:12:39
but none of this is funded yet, and NASA
currently is facing budget problems so it’s 00:12:45
anyone’s guess really when we will get a new
close look at Uranus. But one thing is clear, 00:12:50
it’s one strange planet, unlike any
of the others in the solar system.00:12:57
Thanks for listening! I am futurist and science
fiction author John Michael Godier currently 00:13:01
eyeing Neptune suspiciously. It’s up next in this
series, but it’s weird both for its similarities 00:13:06
to Uranus, but also its dramatic differences.
You’d think these planets would be something like 00:13:11
twins, but if that’s the case, Neptune is the
evil twin and be sure to check out my books at 00:13:16
your favorite online book retailer and subscribe
to my channels for regular, in-depth explorations 00:13:21
into the interesting, weird and unknown aspects
of this amazing universe in which we live.Description:
An exploration of the planet Uranus and it's many unsolved mysteries. The new JMG Clips channel for sleep! https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=S-qdipBHVaBLdBLy&v=Lf2iz6LqCxQ My Patreon Page: https://www.patreon.com/johnmichaelgodier My Event Horizon Channel: https://www.youtube.com/eventhorizonshow Papers: "Tilting Uranus via the migration of an ancient satellite", Saillenfest et al, 2022 https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.10590 Music: Cylinder Eight by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: https://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders// Cylinder Five by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: https://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders
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