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    00:00:00
    In 2022, this astonishing image was
    00:00:04
    published. [music]
    00:00:05
    What makes it so astonishing?
    00:00:08
    Well, this is one of the most detailed
    00:00:11
    radio images of the center of our galaxy
    00:00:14
    that's ever been produced. Assembled
    00:00:18
    from the first survey using the full
    00:00:20
    array at the MCAT radio observatory in
    00:00:22
    South Africa. This image took three
    00:00:25
    years of data analysis to complete and
    00:00:28
    it is revealing something thoroughly
    00:00:31
    bizarre. Deep within the turbulent chaos
    00:00:34
    at the center of the Milky Way are
    00:00:36
    hundreds of highly ordered
    00:00:38
    one-dimensional filamentlike structures
    00:00:41
    [music] dangling inexplicably above and
    00:00:45
    below the galactic center. These
    00:00:48
    enigmatic filaments stretch for up to
    00:00:51
    150 lightyear yet are only 1 to three
    00:00:55
    lightyears across. The big question
    00:00:58
    [music] is what are these strange
    00:01:01
    superersized strands?
    00:01:04
    Now scientists are trying to unpick
    00:01:06
    [music] this mircat image to work it
    00:01:09
    out. I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching
    00:01:12
    Astramm. Join me today as we uncover the
    00:01:15
    mysteries around one of the Milky Way's
    00:01:17
    weirdest phenomena. We'll explore the
    00:01:20
    happy accident that led to their
    00:01:22
    discovery and the extreme
    00:01:23
    characteristics that are leaving
    00:01:25
    scientists baffled.
    00:01:29
    The center of the Milky Way, 27,000
    00:01:32
    light-years from Earth, is a place of
    00:01:35
    violence.
    00:01:36
    >> [music] >> This innermost region, the central
    00:01:39
    molecular zone, spans 1,600 light-year
    00:01:43
    and is by all accounts [music] the most
    00:01:46
    extreme part of our galaxy. Density,
    00:01:50
    temperature, and turbulent velocity, a
    00:01:52
    measure of chaotic [music] fluid motion,
    00:01:55
    are around 1 to two orders of magnitude
    00:01:58
    higher here than anywhere else in the
    00:02:01
    galaxy. The cosmic ray energy density, a
    00:02:05
    proxy for energetic activity, is 2 to
    00:02:09
    three orders of magnitude higher.
    00:02:12
    This region is home to vast [music]
    00:02:14
    complexes of molecular gas, about 20
    00:02:18
    million solar masses worth, dense cosmic
    00:02:21
    clouds, ionized plasmas, extreme cosmic
    00:02:25
    ray energy, ultraviolet and x-ray
    00:02:28
    radiation, and turbulent magnetic
    00:02:31
    fields. It is a hotbed of cosmic
    00:02:34
    activity from the formation of stars to
    00:02:37
    exploding supernova. And let's not
    00:02:39
    forget Sagittarius a star, the super
    00:02:42
    massive black hole 4 million times the
    00:02:45
    mass of our sun at the very center of it
    00:02:48
    all.
    00:02:49
    These conditions are hugely exciting for
    00:02:53
    astronomers, but they make the galactic
    00:02:55
    center notoriously hard [music] to
    00:02:57
    image. Visible light can't penetrate the
    00:03:00
    dense clouds of dust and gas. So
    00:03:04
    researchers turned to other parts of the
    00:03:06
    electromagnetic spectrum to lift the
    00:03:08
    veil and reveal the secrets at the heart
    00:03:11
    of the galaxy.
    00:03:12
    Radio waves have the longest wavelengths
    00:03:15
    of the electromagnetic spectrum from a
    00:03:17
    few millime to hundreds of kilome and
    00:03:21
    the wavelengths in the range of millime
    00:03:24
    to tens of meters are ideal for radio
    00:03:28
    astronomy. They pass through the
    00:03:30
    obscuring clouds of gas and dust,
    00:03:32
    [music] giving us a clear view of what
    00:03:34
    lies beneath. In the early 1980s, Furhad
    00:03:38
    Ysef Zade, studying for his PhD, was
    00:03:42
    using the very large array telescope in
    00:03:44
    New Mexico to produce a radio map of a
    00:03:47
    section of the galactic center. He was
    00:03:50
    planning to study star forming regions,
    00:03:52
    but narrow strips of radio emission were
    00:03:56
    streaking across the entire survey area
    00:03:59
    right through the parts he was
    00:04:01
    interested in. He thought they must be
    00:04:03
    artifacts in the data or imaging errors,
    00:04:07
    which any scientist will tell you is
    00:04:09
    highly annoying. So after much
    00:04:12
    frustration and no luck resolving the
    00:04:14
    problematic artifacts, he returned to
    00:04:17
    the VLA to image again at another
    00:04:20
    frequency. And that was when his Eureka
    00:04:23
    moment struck. At 400 a.m. one morning,
    00:04:27
    he was comparing the two samples taken
    00:04:29
    at different times using different
    00:04:31
    wavelengths, and he saw the same
    00:04:34
    structures in both images.
    00:04:37
    This was no artifact. This was a very
    00:04:41
    real finding, something unlike anything
    00:04:44
    he or anyone else for that matter had
    00:04:47
    come across before.
    00:04:50
    Zade was seeing highly ordered
    00:04:52
    structures where previously only chaos
    00:04:55
    was thought to exist and they had some
    00:04:58
    very unusual features. Most striking was
    00:05:02
    their vast scale. These were continuous
    00:05:06
    narrow strips of radio emission 50 to
    00:05:09
    100 light-years long, but only 1 to
    00:05:12
    three light-years wide, dangling
    00:05:14
    vertically above and below the central
    00:05:17
    molecular zone, the most extreme part of
    00:05:20
    the Milky Way. Some appeared in pairs or
    00:05:23
    clusters running parallel to each other
    00:05:26
    like strings on a harp, each separated
    00:05:28
    [music] by a standard distance of around
    00:05:31
    one astronomical unit, the distance
    00:05:33
    between Earth and the Sun. When he
    00:05:36
    cross-cheed them with the infrared data
    00:05:38
    from that area, Zarde also discovered
    00:05:41
    they had no counterpart in that area of
    00:05:44
    the spectrum. This told him they were
    00:05:47
    non-therrmal emissions. That is to say
    00:05:50
    they were [music] not produced by heated
    00:05:52
    gases. This was corroborated by other
    00:05:55
    measurements such as spectral index and
    00:05:58
    polarization which showed [music] that
    00:05:59
    the filaments were highly magnetic and
    00:06:02
    emitting synretron radiation. Synrettron
    00:06:06
    radiation occurs when electrons moving
    00:06:09
    near the speed of light interact with a
    00:06:11
    strong magnetic field which beg the
    00:06:14
    question what on earth or should I say
    00:06:17
    not on earth was accelerating the
    00:06:19
    electrons to such speeds. The emissions
    00:06:23
    along the length of the structures were
    00:06:24
    continuous ruling out localized events
    00:06:27
    like star formation or supernova
    00:06:29
    remnants. So Zade dubbed them
    00:06:33
    non-therrmal filaments and suggested
    00:06:36
    they were likely related to galactic
    00:06:38
    scale phenomena.
    00:06:40
    For a scientist, a discovery like this
    00:06:42
    would have been like Christmas coming
    00:06:44
    early. After all, what do you get a
    00:06:47
    budding scientist and a space
    00:06:49
    enthusiast? Galactic structures of
    00:06:51
    unknown origin that no one had ever seen
    00:06:54
    before. or if that doesn't fit into a
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    box, a really nice watch like the ones
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    products sitewide. Now, back to Zarde.
    00:08:08
    His observations didn't correspond to
    00:08:10
    anything else in the known galaxy, and
    00:08:12
    Zarde had many more questions. Where did
    00:08:16
    the non-thermal filaments come from?
    00:08:19
    What was maintaining their linear
    00:08:21
    structures over such vast distances of
    00:08:24
    space and time? Why, when clustered,
    00:08:28
    were they so evenly spaced?
    00:08:31
    But almost as soon as this startling
    00:08:33
    discovery was made, the trail started to
    00:08:36
    go cold. The available telescopes at the
    00:08:38
    time simply didn't have the sensitivity
    00:08:41
    needed to provide answers.
    00:08:44
    Over the next 35 years, only a handful
    00:08:48
    of other vertical non-therrmal filaments
    00:08:51
    were revealed and categorized. Some were
    00:08:53
    even given enigmatic names like the
    00:08:56
    snake, pelican, and bent harp. Sadly,
    00:09:00
    there wasn't enough data to make any
    00:09:03
    great leaps forward in understanding.
    00:09:05
    Well, not until 2022. and Miacat's
    00:09:10
    mindblowing image.
    00:09:13
    The MICAT radio telescope at the South
    00:09:15
    Africa radio astronomy observatory or
    00:09:17
    saro is comprised of 64 interlin [music]
    00:09:21
    antennas each with a 13.5 m diameter
    00:09:26
    parabolic dish spread over 8 km [music]
    00:09:29
    of radio silent zone built over 4 years.
    00:09:33
    The full array was inaugurated in 2018.
    00:09:37
    Its location in the southern hemisphere
    00:09:39
    is perfect for imaging the center of the
    00:09:41
    Milky Way thanks to our [music] sun's
    00:09:43
    axle tilt relative to its own position
    00:09:46
    in the galaxy. So, Miaat has a direct
    00:09:49
    [music] line of sight into the CMZ and
    00:09:52
    the galactic center. Over the course of
    00:09:55
    3 years, [music] an international team
    00:09:58
    led by Dr. Ian Haywood and including
    00:10:00
    Zarde, now professor at Northwestern
    00:10:03
    University, directed Mia Cat to a 6.5
    00:10:08
    square degree portion of the galaxy, a
    00:10:11
    section of the sky around 30 full moons
    00:10:13
    wide with Sagittarius A star right in
    00:10:17
    the middle using Lband radio frequencies
    00:10:20
    of 856 to 1,712 [music]
    00:10:24
    MHz, equivalent to wavelengths of 18 to
    00:10:28
    35 cm. They split this area into a
    00:10:33
    20part mosaic, directing the telescope
    00:10:36
    to survey each tile in turn over a total
    00:10:40
    of 144 hours on target. This was the
    00:10:44
    first time Mircat's full array was used
    00:10:48
    with 60 to 62 dishes sampling the sky at
    00:10:52
    any one time. After generating 70
    00:10:55
    terabytes of raw data, the equivalent to
    00:10:59
    700 hours of 4K YouTube content, the
    00:11:02
    team then had to process it. That was no
    00:11:06
    mean feat. Given the complexity of the
    00:11:08
    environment, they needed to put the data
    00:11:10
    through a highpass filter using a method
    00:11:13
    called difference of Gaussians. This is
    00:11:16
    a commonly used edge smoothing technique
    00:11:18
    to remove background noise and enhance
    00:11:21
    the visibility of fine structures,
    00:11:23
    especially important for visualizing
    00:11:25
    non-therrmal filaments. And this is the
    00:11:29
    result.
    00:11:31
    More like a work of art than a
    00:11:33
    scientific study, it captures a wealth
    00:11:36
    of features. Some are wellnown like
    00:11:40
    Sagittarius A star seen in the central
    00:11:42
    saturated area here and clearer views of
    00:11:45
    previously known supernova remnants and
    00:11:47
    star forming regions. This here is a
    00:11:50
    supernova remnant. To its left is a
    00:11:53
    runaway pulsar, the mouse and up on the
    00:11:57
    right one of the longest and most famous
    00:12:00
    non-therrmal filaments, the snake.
    00:12:04
    As noted by the team, one of the most
    00:12:07
    startling discoveries was the sheer
    00:12:09
    number of filaments apparent in the
    00:12:11
    image, an order of magnitude greater
    00:12:14
    than all previously known, most of which
    00:12:17
    had never been seen before.
    00:12:20
    This was gamechanging for Zard and his
    00:12:23
    colleagues. Now we finally see the big
    00:12:26
    picture. A panoramic view filled with an
    00:12:29
    abundance of filaments. He said this is
    00:12:31
    a watershed in furthering our
    00:12:34
    understanding of these structures. There
    00:12:36
    was finally enough data to carry out
    00:12:38
    meaningful population studies. They set
    00:12:41
    to work carrying out statistical
    00:12:43
    analysis of the filaments. This work
    00:12:47
    published in the astrophysical journal
    00:12:49
    letters not only further categorizes the
    00:12:52
    filaments but gives tantalizing clues to
    00:12:55
    their origin. The new data confirmed
    00:12:57
    that all of them are magnetized.
    00:13:00
    In fact, the team found that the
    00:13:02
    magnetic field was significantly greater
    00:13:05
    in some cases up to 10 to 100 times
    00:13:08
    stronger than typical galactic magnetic
    00:13:10
    fields. The new analysis also confirmed
    00:13:13
    that synretron radiation is a defining
    00:13:16
    characteristic.
    00:13:18
    Interestingly, the MICAT data revealed
    00:13:20
    that there is a steepening with galactic
    00:13:23
    latitude. In other words, the filaments
    00:13:27
    appear to cool as they stretch away from
    00:13:29
    the galactic plane. This gives us a clue
    00:13:33
    as to their possible origin. The
    00:13:35
    electrons further away from the galactic
    00:13:38
    plane could be older, implying that the
    00:13:40
    filaments are related to past activity
    00:13:43
    of Sagittarius a star. And there was
    00:13:47
    another clue that suggested this too.
    00:13:49
    Enormous structures known as radio
    00:13:52
    bubbles. First discovered by Haywood
    00:13:55
    Zade and the Miacat team in 2019, these
    00:13:59
    huge radio emmitting structures
    00:14:02
    stretched symmetrically above and below
    00:14:04
    the galactic plane, forming an hourglass
    00:14:07
    shape thousands of light years across.
    00:14:11
    They are thought to have been created by
    00:14:13
    a phenomenal outburst from Sagittarius a
    00:14:16
    star about 100,000 to a million years
    00:14:19
    ago. An event powerful enough to leave
    00:14:23
    such a scar on the galaxy could have
    00:14:25
    been vast quantities of gas and dust
    00:14:28
    falling into the black hole or a huge
    00:14:32
    and sudden burst in star formation close
    00:14:34
    by. An incident like this would have
    00:14:37
    triggered an intense outburst of energy
    00:14:39
    and whipped up galactic winds, driving
    00:14:42
    gas and cosmic rays violently away from
    00:14:44
    the galactic center, stretching and
    00:14:46
    amplifying magnetic field lines in its
    00:14:48
    wake, creating those bubbles and
    00:14:51
    non-therrmal filaments. What's more,
    00:14:54
    strong magnetic fields, which as we now
    00:14:57
    know are a confirmed characteristic of
    00:14:59
    all filaments, capture cosmic rays. And
    00:15:02
    the great thing is we can date them.
    00:15:06
    Those detected in the filaments by a
    00:15:08
    mircat match the proposed period of the
    00:15:11
    Sagittarius A star outburst considered
    00:15:13
    responsible for the radio bubbles. In
    00:15:16
    other words, they are the same age.
    00:15:20
    The position and capabilities of Mircat,
    00:15:22
    alongside the same highpass filtering
    00:15:25
    used to resolve the non-therrmal radio
    00:15:27
    filaments, not only revealed these
    00:15:29
    bubbles in astonishing detail, but
    00:15:31
    showed almost all of the filaments are
    00:15:34
    confined within them. This close
    00:15:36
    physical association adds even more
    00:15:39
    weight to the argument that the same
    00:15:41
    energetic event created them. Something
    00:15:44
    powerful enough to create the bubbles
    00:15:46
    would certainly be able to accelerate
    00:15:48
    electrons to near the speed of light
    00:15:50
    with the stretch magnetic field lines
    00:15:52
    channeling them to produce the
    00:15:53
    filament's signature synretron emission.
    00:15:56
    With this hypothesis in mind, Zard and
    00:15:59
    the team described the formation of
    00:16:00
    non-therrmofilaments as magnetized
    00:16:03
    streamers in a cosmic raydriven wind. It
    00:16:07
    certainly paints a compelling picture
    00:16:09
    for the possible origin of the
    00:16:11
    filaments, but it is by no means
    00:16:13
    conclusive as even the authors
    00:16:15
    themselves attest. Other theories are
    00:16:18
    being worked on. With a mystery this
    00:16:20
    tantalizing, other astronomers have been
    00:16:22
    studying the filaments, too. But this
    00:16:24
    single image is still the one that's
    00:16:27
    told us the most. Zard wasn't kidding
    00:16:30
    when he said it was a watershed moment.
    00:16:33
    But with so many unanswered questions,
    00:16:35
    some going back 40 years, where does
    00:16:38
    that leave us? Are non-therrmal radios
    00:16:42
    merely a galactic curiosity?
    00:16:46
    Not by any means. They are a riddle
    00:16:49
    wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma
    00:16:52
    and could shed light on one of the
    00:16:54
    biggest unanswered questions out [music]
    00:16:55
    there. How super massive black holes
    00:16:58
    regulate star formation within a galaxy.
    00:17:02
    Scientists know that the active centers
    00:17:03
    of galaxies must transfer energy and
    00:17:06
    matter into interstellar space through a
    00:17:08
    process [music] called galactic
    00:17:09
    feedback. If they didn't, star formation
    00:17:12
    would run away unchecked, using up a
    00:17:14
    galaxy's gas and dust faster than
    00:17:16
    observations tell [music] us. But how
    00:17:18
    this feedback happens is unknown.
    00:17:21
    Mircat's detailed imagery of
    00:17:23
    non-therrmal filaments and the radio
    00:17:25
    bubbles provides us with compelling
    00:17:27
    evidence that this outflow of energy
    00:17:29
    could happen in discrete but powerful
    00:17:32
    outbursts and this is something that has
    00:17:35
    been seen before.
    00:17:37
    Fermy bubbles discovered by NASA's Fermy
    00:17:40
    gammaray telescope in 2010 are even
    00:17:43
    bigger hourglass shaped configurations
    00:17:45
    spanning a total of 50,000 lightyear.
    00:17:49
    These mindbogglingly massive structures
    00:17:52
    colored magenta in this image are
    00:17:55
    thought to be millions of years old.
    00:17:57
    Likely caused by a violent outburst from
    00:17:59
    Sagittarius A star which calculation
    00:18:02
    suggests had the energy of 100,000
    00:18:06
    supernova.
    00:18:08
    This is much more powerful and ancient
    00:18:11
    than the event proposed to have made the
    00:18:13
    filaments and radio bubbles. But
    00:18:15
    together they paint a picture of
    00:18:17
    intermittent outbursts from deep within
    00:18:19
    the heart of our galaxy. Both have the
    00:18:22
    potential to regulate star formation,
    00:18:24
    ensuring that the Milky Way doesn't
    00:18:26
    suffer from burnout. As scientists
    00:18:29
    continue to unravel the mysteries of
    00:18:31
    non-therrmof filaments and tackle the
    00:18:33
    big questions about [music] how the
    00:18:34
    universe works, the trail doesn't seem
    00:18:37
    to be going cold again anytime soon.
    00:18:40
    Since the first full array image, Mircat
    00:18:42
    has found more of these mystery strands
    00:18:45
    in other galaxies with very similar
    00:18:48
    properties to the ones we see in the
    00:18:49
    Milky Way. Their very existence
    00:18:52
    elsewhere suggests a common underlying
    00:18:55
    mechanism that [music] alludes to their
    00:18:56
    role in fundamental galactic processes.
    00:19:00
    To conclusively piece together the whole
    00:19:02
    picture will require another step change
    00:19:04
    in imaging resolution. And hopefully
    00:19:07
    that's not too far off as Mircat already
    00:19:10
    awarded by the Royal Astronomical
    00:19:12
    Society for its spectacular observations
    00:19:15
    in radioastronomy was built with
    00:19:17
    longerterm goals in mind namely to be
    00:19:20
    incorporated into [music] the square
    00:19:22
    kilometer array. With a total collecting
    00:19:25
    area of one square km, it will be 50
    00:19:29
    times more sensitive than any other
    00:19:31
    radio instrument in existence. [music]
    00:19:33
    and it's expected to be fully
    00:19:34
    constructed by 2028. Keeping an eye on
    00:19:38
    developments in other parts of the
    00:19:39
    electromagnetic spectrum will be
    00:19:41
    important too. Zard believes that the
    00:19:43
    next breakthrough will come from gamma
    00:19:45
    ray telescopes. Imaging at higher
    00:19:48
    frequencies results in higher resolution
    00:19:50
    imagery which has potential to show us
    00:19:52
    whether the filaments, the radio bubbles
    00:19:54
    that contain them, and the vast fermy
    00:19:57
    bubbles are connected.
    00:19:59
    There's an elegance in order rising out
    00:20:02
    of chaos and observing non-therrmal
    00:20:04
    filaments streaming out through the
    00:20:06
    cosmic winds certainly fits that notion.
    00:20:09
    So, keep watching this space. [music]
    00:20:12
    And with images and phenomena this
    00:20:13
    spectacular, I certainly have no problem
    00:20:17
    doing that.
    00:20:20
    I'm happy to announce we have a weekly
    00:20:22
    newsletter to keep up with all the
    00:20:24
    discoveries in our cosmos. And our
    00:20:26
    designer, Peter, has made the most
    00:20:28
    beautiful email you'll ever receive.
    00:20:31
    Sign up with the link down below. It's
    00:20:33
    the best way to stay connected between
    00:20:35
    videos. Short, focused updates on what's
    00:20:38
    new and fascinating in space each week.
    00:20:40
    No spam, no filler, just the good stuff.
    00:20:44
    You'll get the latest news, visuals, and
    00:20:46
    insights delivered straight into your
    00:20:48
    inbox. If you enjoy Astramm videos,
    00:20:51
    you'll love this. Join the newsletter
    00:20:53
    and stay curious with us.

    Description:

    The MeerKAT telescope saw something very strange at the heart of our galaxy. Thank you to Holzkern for being a sponsor on this channel! Click my link https://www.world.holzkern.com/en_world/ and use my code ASTRUM to get 15% off ALL PRODUCTS for both yourself and loved ones this holiday season. Be sure to check out all of their catalogue, for both yourself or a gift for a loved one! ▀▀▀▀▀▀ We’re diving into the most detailed radio image ever captured of the Milky Way's heart. MeerKAT's 2022 image reveals a cosmic mystery... hundreds of gigantic structures stretching 150 light years in length. Join us as we explore how this galactic enigma could have formed. ▀▀▀▀▀▀ 0:00 The Centre of the Milky Way 3:12 Mysterious Filaments 9:12 MeerKAT Telescope 11:28 The Final Image 13:35 Giant Bubbles 16:1 Remaining Mysteries ▀▀▀▀▀▀ To stay on top of space news, sign up to the Astrum newsletter: https://astrumspace.kit.com/ Astrum Displate Posters: https://displate.com/artist/astrumspace?art=5f04759ac338b Astrum Merch: https://astrum-shop.fourthwall.com/ Join us on the Astrum discord: https://discord.com/invite/TKw8Hpvtv8 A huge thanks to our Patreons who help make these videos possible. Sign-up here to support the channel: https://www.patreon.com/astrumspace ▀▀▀▀▀▀ Astrum Podcast on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6jPRrbq3o3dpvBb173ZTKi Astrum Earth: https://www.youtube.com/@AstrumEarth Astrum Extra: https://www.youtube.com/@astrumextra Astrum Spanish: https://www.youtube.com/@astrumespanol Astrum Portuguese: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChn_-OwvV63mr1yeUGvH-BQ ▀▀▀▀▀▀ References: “New MeerKAT Radio Image Reveals Complex Heart of the Milky Way”, via sarao.ac.za https://www.sarao.ac.za/media-releases/new-meerkat-radio-image-reveals-complex-heart-of-the-milky-way/ “The 1.28 GHz MeerKAT Galactic Center Mosaic”, via arxiv.org https://astrumspace.info/meerkatmosaic “An Overview of the Central Molecular Zone”, via arxiv.org https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.17334 “Magnetized Filaments at the Galactic Center”, via nature.com https://www.nature.com/articles/310557a0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=fb135536-60d3-4e48-8570-5b4c3c7b665e “The MeerKAT Radio Telescope”, via sarao.ac.za https://www.sarao.ac.za/science/meerkat/ “Statistical Properties of the Galactic Center Filaments”, via iop.org https://validate.perfdrive.com/fb803c746e9148689b3984a31fccd902/?ssa=69b9fb21-e1b8-48e2-8f24-bd81cc1edde7&ssb=05319254295&ssc=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fac4802%2Fpdf&ssi=5ad886d5-cnvj-4d18-91d9-cd09e9536583&ssk=botmanager_support@radware.com&ssm=16973623691134826100854807281903&ssn=fa596800d1dea886b1de8bbe1ce43c09d33b316937e1-c2a2-4431-8c2b9a&sso=d9fa72d1-52a8e1fb60aaa92b72e1e06724011e3131511ad3cf5b87ee&ssp=95822240021769971519176995103279662&ssq=78501485605125593646456051129031724553205&ssr=MzUuMjE3LjQ1LjEwMg==&sst=&ssu=&ssv=&ssw=&ssx=eyJ1em14IjoiN2Y5MDAwNzU4YWY4MzktZjIzZS00YTRjLTg4MDktNzk4NTBkMjI3NWEzMS0xNzY5OTU2MDUxNzQ2MC0zZDlhNjBmYTcxMzljNzZiMTAiLCJyZCI6ImlvcC5vcmciLCJfX3V6bWYiOiI3ZjkwMDAzMTY5MzdlMS1jMmEyLTQ0MzEtODJkMS01MmE4ZTFmYjYwYWExLTE3Njk5NTYwNTE3NDYwLTAwMjFlNTcwMjQ5YzZlZjNhY2UxMCJ9 “Radio Bubbles in the Galactic Center Region”, via nature.com https://astrumspace.info/radiobubbles “NASA’s Fermi Telescope Finds Giant Structure in Our Galaxy”, via nasa.gov https://www.nasa.gov/universe/nasas-fermi-telescope-finds-giant-structure-in-our-galaxy/ “Filaments in the Intracluster Medium and Other Galaxies”, via iop.org https://validate.perfdrive.com/fb803c746e9148689b3984a31fccd902/?ssa=9f908b96-4ad8-414a-9fdf-822839f75b5e&ssb=05319254295&ssc=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fac982a&ssi=3093e1d9-cnvj-491b-92f3-72f1a9e49a2c&ssk=botmanager_support@radware.com&ssm=16973623691134826100854807281903&ssn=fa5968006f917fca0e9f67436f013c09d33b2053e19b-61f1-4dc4-9c2b9a&sso=d9fa7043-87f172a76679a92b72e18c6e7cc5bdde60482bc3cf5b87ee&ssp=95822240021769971519176995103279662&ssq=78501485605125593646456051129031724553205&ssr=MzUuMjE3LjQ1LjEwMg==&sst=&ssu=&ssv=&ssw=&ssx=eyJ1em14IjoiN2Y5MDAwNGViNzM5MDEtMWU1NC00YzY1LWJlNWMtZTdkODkwNTEyMTJlMS0xNzY5OTU2MDUxNzQ5MC1mMzNiMzk0YWY5MjRmNGY2MTAiLCJyZCI6ImlvcC5vcmciLCJfX3V6bWYiOiI3ZjkwMDAyMDUzZTE5Yi02MWYxLTRkYzQtOTA0My04N2YxNzJhNzY2NzkxLTE3Njk5NTYwNTE3NDkwLTAwMjcxZTFhYzYyMGEwZmQ3ZDIxMCJ9 “The Square Kilometre Array Project”, via sarao.ac.za https://www.sarao.ac.za/about/the-project/ ▀▀▀▀▀▀ Credits: Writer: Patricia Ward Video Editor: Suhith Researcher: Shourya Shrivastava Script Editor: Damaris McColgan Thumbnail Designer: Peter Sheppard Publishing Lead: Georgina Brenner Production Manager: Raquel Taylor Edit Producer: Poppy Pinnock Head of Astrum: Jess Jordan Creator of Astrum: Alex McColgan With special thanks to: Professor Farhad Yusef-Zadeh NASA/ESO/ESA

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