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00:00:02
Many people still think of the
00:00:04
Neanderles as a simple-minded, thuggish
00:00:07
people. But recent, quite often
00:00:10
unexpected discoveries are forcing us to
00:00:12
confront that perception.
00:00:18
[music]
00:00:26
Archaeologist Clive Finlesen and his
00:00:28
team are convinced that this simplistic
00:00:31
[music] impression of Neanderls is
00:00:34
wrong.
00:00:37
[music] >> We've been working in these caves in
00:00:39
Gibralta now for over 25 years. We have
00:00:42
dates in these caves now with
00:00:43
Neanderthalss as recently as 32,000
00:00:45
years [music] ago. That would make this
00:00:47
the last site where Neanderthalss lived.
00:00:51
This the last known refuge of a lost
00:00:54
tribe of Neanderals has produced [music]
00:00:56
thousands of bones and artifacts.
00:01:00
>> It presents us with almost a total
00:01:02
picture of Neanderthal life in this part
00:01:04
of the world. Families were living here,
00:01:07
sleeping here and going out to hunt and
00:01:09
forage from here. In my view, the
00:01:11
stereotype of the the ape-like
00:01:13
Neanderthal I think is changing. People
00:01:15
are realizing even anatomically that
00:01:18
there may be physical differences
00:01:19
between our ancestors and them, but
00:01:22
they're not as huge as we thought once
00:01:24
upon a time. What is really changing our
00:01:27
view is the cultural evidence, the
00:01:29
evidence of the abilities that we
00:01:32
thought only we had and caused our
00:01:34
expansion uh across the globe. And we're
00:01:37
beginning to realize that Neanderthalss
00:01:38
were not that different. In the past,
00:01:41
experts suggested that Neanderls were
00:01:43
incapable of planning, of thinking two
00:01:46
or three steps ahead.
00:01:47
>> That's not true at all. These people
00:01:49
knew their environment very well. They
00:01:51
knew what they had here and they
00:01:52
exploited it very well. And that that's
00:01:54
probably the key to the success and
00:01:55
their survival for such a long time.
00:01:58
The Neanderls were not only an immensely
00:02:01
successful European species, but we're
00:02:04
starting to realize that they were
00:02:06
cultured in a way that we'd thought was
00:02:09
the sole preserve of modern humans. The
00:02:13
clues are hidden amongst the many bird
00:02:15
bones buried in these caves.
00:02:19
>> More and more we found that the evidence
00:02:22
is in the form of cut marks on the
00:02:24
bones. And what we realized was that a
00:02:26
lot of the marks were on the wing bones
00:02:28
of these birds.
00:02:29
>> Using stone tools and dead birds found
00:02:32
on the shoreline, Clive's team have been
00:02:34
exploring what the Neanderls might have
00:02:36
been doing.
00:02:38
>> If you dissect the wing bone of a
00:02:40
vulture or an eagle, what you find is a
00:02:42
bone and a tendon and the feathers
00:02:44
attached to the skin. There's no meat
00:02:46
because you have to be lightweight to be
00:02:48
able to saw. So if you're cutting these
00:02:51
wing bones in birds of prey, it has to
00:02:54
be something to do with feathers and
00:02:56
certainly has nothing to do with meat or
00:02:57
food.
00:02:59
[music]
00:03:00
In parallel, we realized that a lot of
00:03:02
the species of bird of prey being
00:03:03
brought in were birds of prey with dark
00:03:06
feathers and we showed that they seem to
00:03:08
be a discrimination in terms of color.
00:03:10
Neanderthals preferred black for some
00:03:13
reason.
00:03:15
The conclusion that we came to after a
00:03:17
lot of analysis is that there were
00:03:19
getting the feathers for ornamentation
00:03:21
to wear them in [music] some way.
00:03:24
Many cultures across the globe
00:03:26
historically and today use bird
00:03:28
feathers. North American Indians for
00:03:30
example.
00:03:32
Because of this close relationship that
00:03:34
they had with birds, [music]
00:03:35
we decided to call them the bird people
00:03:37
of Europe.
00:03:47
>> [music]
00:03:49
>> Deeper in these caves, the team have
00:03:52
found evidence suggesting that these
00:03:53
bird people had the capacity for
00:03:56
abstract thought.
00:03:58
Something else which was believed to be
00:04:00
exclusive to modern humans.
00:04:03
We have found this incredible engraving
00:04:05
on the rock made by Neanthals and it's
00:04:07
the only one that is known today [music]
00:04:09
anywhere.
00:04:13
It took us 2 years of intensive study
00:04:16
and we came to the conclusion that it
00:04:17
took them at least 2 hours to do because
00:04:19
we replicated the whole procedure. So it
00:04:22
wasn't something it wasn't a doodle.
00:04:24
They actually thought about it and it
00:04:26
wasn't marks done for butchery for
00:04:28
example if you're cutting through skin.
00:04:30
We tried to replicate that with with
00:04:32
skin and and the lines go all over the
00:04:34
place. This was something that wasn't
00:04:36
functional. It was sending a message to
00:04:38
somebody and it was done very very
00:04:40
deliberately and it took a long time.
00:04:43
>> This is not mere survival. This looks
00:04:46
like art.
00:04:48
>> It's the next step if you like uh the
00:04:51
smoking gun in terms of neandal
00:04:53
behavior.
00:04:55
So contrary to the popular perception of
00:04:57
them, we're now realizing that
00:05:00
Neanderals exhibited many aspects of
00:05:02
what we call modern human behavior.

Description:

Alice Roberts travels to Gibraltar to explore what may have been the final refuge of the Neanderthals. Evidence from this refuge challenges outdated views of our ancient cousins: far from being primitive, these cave-dwellers show signs of intelligence, adaptability, and cultural complexity, reshaping how we understand their place in human history. This clip is from Lost Tribes of Humanity (2016). Subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZEPItn2Nb62Zso5eohHAAA?sub_confirmation=1   Welcome to BBC Timestamp, your home for all things history. Shed new light on the past by unveiling hidden worlds throughout time, dig into the fascinating true stories behind legendary myths, and learn about cutting-edge technologies helping to rethink stories from across the ages.   This is a channel from BBC Studios who help fund new BBC programmes. Service information and feedback: https://www.bbcstudios.com/

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