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00:00:00
For most of our history, human technology consisted of our brains, fire, and sharp sticks.
00:00:06
While fire and sharp sticks became power plants and nuclear weapons,
00:00:10
the biggest upgrade has happened to our brains.
00:00:13
Since the 1960's, the power of our brain machines has kept growing exponentially,
00:00:17
allowing computers to get smaller and more powerful at the same time.
00:00:21
But this process is about to meet its physical limits.
00:00:25
Computer parts are approaching the size of an atom.
00:00:28
To understand why this is a problem, we have to clear up some basics.
00:00:33
In a Nutshell - By Kurzgesagt
00:00:39
A computer is made up of very simple components
00:00:42
doing very simple things.
00:00:44
Representing data, the means of processing it, and control mechanisms.
00:00:49
Computer chips contain modules, which contain logic gates, which contain transistors.
00:00:54
A transistor is the simplest form of a data processor in computers,
00:00:58
basically a switch that can either block, or open the way for information coming through.
00:01:03
This information is made up of bits
00:01:06
which can be set to either 0 or 1.
00:01:08
Combinations of several bits are used to represent more complex information.
00:01:13
Transistors are combined to create logic gates which still do very simple stuff.
00:01:18
For example, an AND Gate sends an output of 1 if all of its inputs are 1, and a output of 0 otherwise.
00:01:25
Combinations of logic gates finally form meaningful modules, say, for adding two numbers.
00:01:31
Once you can add, you can also multiply,
00:01:33
and once you can multiply, you can basically do anything.
00:01:37
Since all basic operations are literally simpler than first grade math,
00:01:41
you can imagine a computer as a group of 7-year-olds answering really basic math questions.
00:01:46
A large enough bunch of them could compute anything
00:01:48
from astrophysics to Zelda.
00:01:51
However, with parts getting tinier and tinier,
00:01:53
quantum physics are making things tricky.
00:01:56
In a nutshell, a transistor is just an electric switch.
00:01:59
Electricity is electrons moving from one place to another.
00:02:03
So, a switch is a passage that can block electrons from moving in one direction.
00:02:08
Today, a typical scale for transistors is 14 nanometers,
00:02:12
which is about 8 times less than the HIV virus' diameter,
00:02:15
and 500 times smaller than a red blood cell.
00:02:18
As transistors are shrinking to the size of only a few atoms,
00:02:22
electrons may just transfer themselves to the other side of a blocked passage
00:02:25
via a process called Quantum Tunneling.
00:02:28
In the quantum realm, physics works quite differently from the predictable ways we're used to,
00:02:33
and traditional computers just stop making sense.
00:02:36
We are approaching a real physical barrier for our technological progress.
00:02:41
To solve this problem,
00:02:42
scientists are trying to use these unusual quantum properties to their advantage
00:02:47
by building quantum computers.
00:02:49
In normal computers, bits are the smallest unit of information.
00:02:53
Quantum computers use qubits which can also be set to one of two values.
00:02:58
A qubit can be any two level quantum system,
00:03:00
such as a spin and a magnetic field, or a single photon.
00:03:04
0 and 1 are this system's possible states,
00:03:07
like the photons horizontal or vertical polarization.
00:03:10
In the quantum world, the qubit doesn't have to be just one of those,
00:03:14
it can be in any proportions of both states at once.
00:03:17
This is called superposition.
00:03:19
But as soon as you test its value, say, by sending the photon through a filter,
00:03:24
it has to decide to be either vertically or horizontally polarized.
00:03:29
So as long as it's unobserved,
00:03:31
the qubit is in a superposition of probabilities for 0 and 1, and you can't predit which it'll be.
00:03:37
But the instant you measure it,
00:03:39
it collapses into one of the definite states.
00:03:42
Superposition is a game changer.
00:03:44
Four classical bits can be in one of two to the power of four different configurations at a time.
00:03:50
That's 16 possible combinations, out of which you can use just one.
00:03:54
Four qubits in superposition, however, can be in all of those 16 combinations at once.
00:04:00
This number grows exponentially with each extra qubit.
00:04:04
Twenty of them can already store a million values in parallel.
00:04:08
A really weird and unintuitive property qubits can have is Entanglement,
00:04:12
a close connection that makes each of the qubits react to a change in the other's state instantaneously,
00:04:18
no matter how far they are apart.
00:04:20
This means when measuring just one entangled qubit, you can directly deduce properties of it's partners
00:04:26
without having to look.
00:04:27
Qubit Manipulation is a mind bender as well.
00:04:31
A normal logic gate gets a simple set of inputs and produces one definite output.
00:04:36
A quantum gate manipulates an input of superpositions, rotates probabilities,
00:04:41
and produces another superposition as its output.
00:04:44
So a quantum computer sets up some qubits, applies quantum gates to entangle them and manipulate probabilities,
00:04:51
then finally measures the outcome, collapsing superpositions to an actual sequence of 0s and 1s.
00:04:57
What this means is that you get the entire lot of calculations that are possible with your setup, all done at the same time.
00:05:04
Ultimately, you can only measure one of the results and it'll only probably be the one you want,
00:05:09
so you may have to double check and try again.
00:05:12
But by cleverly exploiting superposition and entanglement,
00:05:15
this can be exponentially more efficient than would ever be possible on a normal computer.
00:05:20
So, while quantum computers will not probably not replace our home computers,
00:05:25
in some areas, they are vastly superior.
00:05:28
One of them is database searching.
00:05:30
To find something in a database, a normal computer may have to test every single one of its entries.
00:05:35
Quantum computers algorithms need only the square root of that time,
00:05:39
which for large databases, is a huge difference
00:05:42
The most famous use of quantum computers is ruining IT security.
00:05:46
Right now, your browsing, email, and banking data is being kept secure by an encryption system
00:05:52
in which you give everyone a public key to encode messages only you can decode.
00:05:56
The problem is that this public key can actually be used to calculate your secret private key.
00:06:02
Luckily, doing the necessary math on any normal computer would literally take years of trial and error.
00:06:07
But a quantum computer with exponential speed-up could do it in a breeze.
00:06:12
Another really exciting new use is simulations.
00:06:15
Simulations of the quantum world are very intense on resources,
00:06:19
and even for bigger structures, such as molecules, they often lack accuracy.
00:06:24
So why not simulate quantum physics with actual quantum physics?
00:06:28
Quantum simulations could provide new insights on proteins that might revolutionize medicine.
00:06:34
Right now, we don't know if quantum computers will be just a specallized tool,
00:06:38
or a big revolution for humanity.
00:06:40
We have no idea where the limits of technology are,
00:06:43
and there's only one way to find out.
00:06:46
This video is supported by the Australian Academy of Science,
00:06:50
which promotes and supports excellence in science
00:06:54
Learn more about this topic and others like it at nova.org.au
00:06:58
It was a blast to work with them, so go check out their site!
00:07:01
Our videos are also made possible by your support on patreon.com.
00:07:06
If you want to support us and become part of the Kurzgesagt bird army, check out our Patreon page!
00:07:12
Subtitles by James Zhang [revised by Pietro Pasquero] [corrected by P0ck3tL1nt]

Description:

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