Download "Project Gemini: The World's Most Dangerous Space Program"
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi_webp%252F2qcext0i_5E%252Fmaxresdefault.webp&w=1139&q=75)
Similar videos from our catalog
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi_webp%252FABHZ38HfA8s%252Fmaxresdefault.webp&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252FAkgEBszIGUw%252Fsd2.jpg%253Fsqp%253D-oaymwEoCIAFEOAD8quKqQMcGADwAQH4AbYIgAKAD4oCDAgAEAEYZSBIKEIwDw%253D%253D%2526rs%253DAOn4CLBE1BF9YyD255P1w6Z-kQY4xCmYmA&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi_webp%252FFx8d2Xj8Oqg%252Fmaxresdefault.webp&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252Fcqjn3mup1So%252Fmaxresdefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252FgXbRSmP1fj4%252Fsd2.jpg%253Fsqp%253D-oaymwEoCIAFEOAD8quKqQMcGADwAQH4AbYIgAKAD4oCDAgAEAEYZSBcKEowDw%253D%253D%2526rs%253DAOn4CLDEBg1UsWxuu40hPaOWLrJi0sigNQ&w=1139&q=75)
![4 YEARS OFF-GRID | Everything we built [TIMELAPSE]](https://st.univideos.ru/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fst.univideos.ru%2FcontentImages%2Fzx6BumVXnGybWOlZ0sLDsrMGmt0%3D%2Ffilters%3Aquality(80)%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252FkhKgmWAj-YU%252Fsddefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252FkqXfvqIzpgs%252Fmaxresdefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi_webp%252FrHvk_IaNExo%252Fsddefault.webp&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi_webp%252FraVms8w61No%252Fmaxresdefault.webp&w=1139&q=75)
%3Aformat(webp)%2Fi.ytimg.com%252Fvi%252Fuvm5URy_n20%252Fmaxresdefault.jpg&w=1139&q=75)
Video tags
Subtitles
00:00:03
the Apollo spacecraft and the lunar00:00:06
module, the landing craft that enabled00:00:08
astronauts to walk on the moon.00:00:12
>> Houstonual start.00:00:14
>> Returning from the moon surface, the two00:00:16
craft had to find each other in lunar00:00:18
orbit, a procedure known as rendevous.00:00:21
>> And then they had to link together,00:00:23
docking, to allow the astronauts to00:00:25
re-enter the mother craft for the00:00:27
journey back to Earth. elsewhere right00:00:30
now.00:00:34
>> President Kennedy had announced his00:00:36
country's goal of landing a man on the00:00:38
moon in 1961. We choose to go to the00:00:42
moon in this decade and do the other00:00:44
things, not because they are easy, but00:00:46
because they are hard.00:00:49
>> Yet in 1961, decision makers at NASA had00:00:53
no idea how the ambitious mission, now00:00:55
[music] called Apollo, could be carried00:00:57
out.00:01:03
At the time, rockets were routinely00:01:05
missing their intended [music] orbits by00:01:06
large margins, and the idea of two00:01:09
spacecraft linking together in lunar00:01:12
orbit was dismissed as too difficult.00:01:15
[music]00:01:18
But a small group within NASA [music]00:01:20
knew it could be done and their work led00:01:22
to Project Gemini, a new program before00:01:25
Apollo that would pioneer techniques for00:01:28
walking in space and above all00:01:29
rendevous. But it would not be easy.00:01:38
[music]00:01:50
>> [music]00:01:55
[music]00:02:12
>> In October 1961, NASA began testing a00:02:16
new series of rockets called Saturn.00:02:20
When the Saturn went into development in00:02:22
1957, NASA hadn't been established, and00:02:25
there were no solid plans for how the00:02:27
big new rocket would be used.00:02:31
It was obvious that the Soviet Union had00:02:34
bigger rockets, and the Americans knew00:02:35
they had to catch up.00:02:43
Shortly before the first flight test,00:02:45
the president had announced US plans to00:02:47
land a man on the moon. And it became00:02:50
clear that the Saturn would play a part00:02:52
in what was called Project Apollo.00:02:55
800 miles hour in the upper space rocket00:03:00
around. And00:03:02
>> yet even at this stage, NASA engineers00:03:04
have not decided exactly how a moon00:03:07
mission would be carried out.00:03:17
The early Saturn flight tests were00:03:19
almost flawless, and plans called for a00:03:21
bigger Saturn 5 and an even bigger Nova.00:03:28
Such ambitious heavy lift launchers00:03:30
would take time to develop. So, an00:03:32
interim program, Project Gemini, was00:03:35
instigated.00:03:39
It would make use of the newly developed00:03:41
Titan missile which was already being00:03:43
mass-produced.00:03:47
The Gemini launch vehicle was a00:03:49
two-stage booster derived from the Titan00:03:51
2 missile.00:03:53
Its toxic [music]00:03:54
hypergolic fuel was well suited for use00:03:56
in a weapon because it could be stored00:03:58
at ambient temperatures for long00:04:00
periods, but for launching [music] a00:04:02
human crew, it was less than ideal.00:04:09
The twin engine bells in the first stage00:04:11
were fed by separate turbo pumps,00:04:13
[music] but the whole unit was still00:04:15
regarded as a single engine.00:04:19
The Titan's second stage engine [music]00:04:21
discharged through a single engine bell,00:04:23
optimized for the vacuum of space. The00:04:26
rocket's inertial guidance unit was00:04:27
[music] contained in this stage.00:04:31
The Titan [music] 2's heavy lift00:04:33
capability and the minimal development00:04:36
time required to adapt it for [music]00:04:37
manned space flight made it a logical00:04:40
choice for the Gemini project.00:04:46
>> The United States Air Force had a great00:04:48
interest in Gemini and several blue00:04:51
Gemini [music] missions that were00:04:52
exclusively devoted to Air Force00:04:54
research were planned.00:04:57
A top secret group of air force00:04:59
astronauts was selected and an air force00:05:02
orbiting laboratory was envisaged.00:05:05
However, these were cancelled because it00:05:07
[music] was felt that NASA Gemini00:05:09
missions could carry out the relevant00:05:10
research.00:05:15
At the time, the Mercury program was00:05:17
underway.00:05:19
The oneperson Mercury capsule was00:05:21
designed by NASA and built by the00:05:23
Macdonald Aircraft Corporation.00:05:27
Macdonald would also build the Gemini00:05:29
capsule.00:05:33
Outwardly, the Gemini spacecraft00:05:35
resembled its Mercury predecessor with a00:05:37
similar blunt rear end and the same00:05:40
corrugated nickel alloy skin.00:05:43
However, it was built for two astronauts00:05:46
and featured many refinements.00:05:50
NASA engineers realized there were many00:05:52
new problems to be understood. So, the00:05:55
Gemini spacecraft was designed to carry00:05:57
out long-term space missions.00:06:01
Propellants and life support systems00:06:03
were situated in separate modules00:06:05
[music] that were jettisoned before00:06:06
return through the atmosphere.00:06:10
It had doors that could be opened in00:06:12
flight to allow astronauts to walk in00:06:14
space, and it was equipped with an00:06:17
elaborate maneuvering system that00:06:18
enabled it to change its orbit.00:06:23
The Gemini spacecraft was the first to00:06:25
be equipped with solid state electronics00:06:27
and a flight computer.00:06:32
Leaders [music] within NASA like Veron00:06:34
Brown envisioned a large rocket flying00:06:37
directly to the moon, landing and00:06:39
returning to the Earth.00:06:42
Two versions of this technique were00:06:44
studied. Direct ascent required the huge00:06:48
Nova launch vehicle.00:06:51
The other method known as EOR for Earth00:06:54
orbit rendevous required far more00:06:57
complex mathematics [music]00:06:58
and two Saturn C3 rockets for a00:07:00
rendevous in Earth orbit where the lunar00:07:03
configuration would be assembled.00:07:06
Engineers working at NASA's Langley00:07:08
Research Center had devised a third00:07:10
method called L for lunar orbit00:07:13
rendevous.00:07:16
This technique required only the Saturn00:07:18
C5 rocket [music] and a small lunar00:07:20
landing craft.00:07:23
No one outside Langley [music] took this00:07:25
proposal seriously because while the00:07:27
rendevous of spacecraft in Earth orbit00:07:29
was regarded as [music] difficult,00:07:31
rendevous in lunar orbit was seen as00:07:34
madness.00:07:37
But the Langley group persisted and00:07:39
eventually the LR method was adopted00:07:42
with NASA scientists being convinced00:07:44
that the physics was sound and that it00:07:47
[music] could be achieved within the00:07:48
1960s time frame.00:07:54
In 1962, NASA recruited nine new00:07:57
astronauts.00:08:00
Like their Mercury predecessors, they00:08:02
had to have test pilot experience, but00:08:04
they also had to have relevant degrees00:08:06
in engineering or biological science.00:08:11
Many of this group would fly to the00:08:12
moon, but some would lose their lives.00:08:17
[music]00:08:22
Along with the development of the Gemini00:08:24
spacecraft came the introduction of a00:08:26
new style of space suit that could be00:08:28
worn outside the spacecraft.00:08:32
The fabric joints of the Mercury suit00:08:34
had been replaced by a pressure bladder00:08:36
wrapped in a linket restraining layer00:08:39
that delivered greater flexibility and00:08:41
limb mobility.00:08:46
Because rendevous and docking was such a00:08:49
critical part of the Gemini program,00:08:51
NASA modified the Agina upper stage as a00:08:53
target vehicle.00:08:56
Aena had been developed for use as a spy00:08:58
satellite so it was ideal for use in00:09:01
Project Gemini because it was already00:09:03
available.00:09:08
It would launch a top the Atlas missile00:09:10
which was already carrying Mercury00:09:12
astronauts to orbit.00:09:24
NASA was learning a lot from the Mercury00:09:27
program and they were trying to design00:09:29
the Gemini system to eliminate issues00:09:31
that were perceived as problems in00:09:33
Mercury.00:09:37
All Mercury flights landed in the ocean00:09:40
and required an aircraft carrier,00:09:42
support ships, and helicopters for00:09:44
recovery of the astronaut and the00:09:45
capsule.00:09:50
This was a stop gap measure and it was00:09:52
expensive, particularly if a spacecraft00:09:55
had to make an emergency return. The US00:09:57
Navy had to have trained recovery groups00:09:59
in the three major oceans.00:10:03
In an attempt to eliminate this costly00:10:05
exercise, it was proposed that the00:10:07
Gemini spacecraft would not deploy00:10:09
parachutes and instead unfurl an00:10:12
inflatable Rogallo wing.00:10:17
Astronauts liked the idea and00:10:19
rudimentary tests began in 1962 with a00:10:21
tricycle frame beneath a wing made from00:10:24
Irish linen.00:10:28
Soon an inflatable version of the wing00:10:30
was trial.00:10:32
Several pilots accustomed to jet00:10:34
fighters became fascinated with the00:10:36
project and at least two X-15 pilots00:10:39
took part in early flights.00:10:44
Control via cables was improved, but00:10:46
there were reliability problems with the00:10:48
deployment of the wing and NASA opted to00:10:51
follow the recovery at sea technique00:10:53
they had become familiar with and the00:10:55
Rogallo wing was dropped.00:11:00
For emergencies, the Mercury capsule00:11:02
relied on small but very powerful00:11:05
solidfueled rockets to pull it clear00:11:07
should the launcher beneath it explode.00:11:14
Primary Gemini designer Jim Chamberlain00:11:17
decided to dispense with the escape00:11:19
tower, opting instead for aircraft style00:11:22
ejector seats.00:11:24
The seat included a small rocket to push00:11:26
it clear of the spacecraft and the00:11:28
weight saving over the escape tower was00:11:30
considerable, but the system was not00:11:33
liked by the astronauts.00:11:37
Chamberlain had watched film of00:11:39
exploding Titan missiles and was00:11:41
convinced that the hypergolic fuel they00:11:43
used exploded at a slower rate than the00:11:46
Atlas's oxygen and kerosene combination.00:12:03
Ejection tests were carried out with00:12:05
dummies and from a spacecraft filled00:12:07
with nitrogen, not the pure oxygen that00:12:09
would actually fill the capsule at00:12:11
launch.00:12:13
It was a brave decision to use the00:12:15
ejector seats.00:12:20
In April 1964, the first unmanned Gemini00:12:23
flight was prepared.00:12:26
Gemini 1 would remain in orbit for00:12:28
several days. Yet, its batteries would00:12:30
only last for 24 hours.00:12:33
When the power ran out, the mission was00:12:35
over.00:12:38
The capsule was loaded with00:12:40
instrumentation to relay data about00:12:42
conditions within the spacecraft while00:12:44
it was being boosted to orbit by its00:12:46
Titan 2 launcher.00:12:49
The flight was to validate the human00:12:51
rating for the Titan 2.00:13:06
As a missile, the Titan 2 had suffered00:13:09
from severe longitudinal oscillations,00:13:12
and engineers wanted to make certain00:13:14
that their modifications were reliable.00:13:18
While it would not be recovered to00:13:20
prevent any hostile power from trying to00:13:22
learn anything from it, the heat shield00:13:24
had holes bought through it so the craft00:13:27
would burn up on re-entry.00:13:32
The following year, Gemini 2 was00:13:34
recovered from the Mid-Atlantic after a00:13:36
suborbital flight to validate the00:13:39
spacecraft.00:13:43
Though the fuel cells had failed before00:13:45
launch, the capsule had come through the00:13:48
heat of re-entry with flying colors, and00:13:50
the way was open for manned missions to00:13:52
begin.00:13:59
Gus Gryom had been one of the original00:14:01
Mercury 7, NASA's first astronauts.00:14:07
After his flight in the Mercury program,00:14:09
he threw himself into development work00:14:11
for the new Gemini spacecraft.00:14:14
His colleagues even called it the00:14:16
Gusmobile because he had done so much00:14:18
work on the control interface.00:14:20
It was only logical that he would00:14:22
command the first manned Gemini mission.00:14:26
The other crew member was John Young,00:14:28
one of NASA's new nine.00:14:34
On March the 23rd, 1965, [music]00:14:37
Gryom and Young boarded their00:14:39
spacecraft.00:14:41
>> It would [music] be the last crude00:14:42
mission to be controlled from the Cape00:14:44
Kennedy Air Force Station.00:14:53
That's your clock started.00:15:03
>> The flight lasted slightly less than 500:15:05
hours, making three orbits. During that00:15:08
time, Gemini 3 became the first crude00:15:11
spacecraft to change its orbit.00:15:14
[music]00:15:16
The spacecraft handled re-entry as00:15:18
expected, though it did land 105 km00:15:22
short of the intended target. Part of00:15:24
the Gemini program's brief was to master00:15:27
pinpoint landings.00:15:30
Gryom and Young waited in their craft00:15:32
for half an hour before being recovered.00:15:36
The mission was judged a success with00:15:38
only a few minor problems with the00:15:40
spacecraft thrusters.00:15:43
It had been almost 2 years since the00:15:45
final flight of the Mercury program, and00:15:47
Americans were happy to see their00:15:49
country back in the space race.00:15:52
Gryom and Young were fated in ticker00:15:55
tape parades through New York and00:15:56
Chicago, and they were honored by00:15:58
President Johnson in a White House00:16:00
ceremony.00:16:02
At the time, astronauts were given00:16:04
rockstar treatment.00:16:10
The next Gemini mission would be more00:16:12
ambitious. NASA had brought forward a00:16:15
spacew walk.00:16:19
Ed [music] White would duplicate the00:16:21
exercise already done by Soviet00:16:23
cosmonaut Alexa Leonov. The Americans00:16:26
were keen to demonstrate they were00:16:28
closing the gap on their [music] Russian00:16:29
rivals.00:16:33
Astronauts could experience [music]00:16:34
limited periods in a microgravity00:16:37
environment when a specially adapted00:16:39
KC135 aircraft followed a parabolic00:16:42
flight path.00:16:46
Astronauts would have 25 seconds of00:16:49
weightlessness.00:16:52
To rehearse more complex, longer00:16:54
duration routines, the astronaut was00:16:57
suspended in a rig that moved on a low00:16:59
friction cushion of air.00:17:04
Gemini 4 was the first of NASA's [music]00:17:07
manned flights to be controlled from the00:17:09
new mission operations control center in00:17:11
Houston.00:17:18
Along with Ed White was command pilot00:17:21
Jim McDivet. It was the first space00:17:23
flight for both men.00:17:27
The mission was scheduled to last for00:17:29
slightly more than 4 days00:17:32
for NASA. This would be a new record.00:17:40
[music]00:17:44
It launched in June 1965.00:17:53
>> The booster started pumping.00:17:55
>> Upon reaching orbit, McDivid tried using00:17:58
the thrusters to rendevous with the00:18:00
Titan's upper stage.00:18:03
>> But the stage seemed to move further00:18:04
away and rapidly depleting fuel forced00:18:07
them to give up. Clearly, [music]00:18:10
rendevu could not be done intuitively.00:18:14
There were a number of scientific00:18:15
experiments scheduled for the mission,00:18:17
but the crew began to focus upon the00:18:19
major task, the space00:18:20
>> walk00:18:24
for EVA.00:18:25
>> Okay, you're go for EVA.00:18:26
>> On their third orbit, while passing00:18:28
above Hawaii, Ed White opened his00:18:31
spacecraft door and prepared to step00:18:33
outside. Okay, got right from the00:18:35
spacecraft.00:18:36
>> Mission control were having difficulty00:18:38
with communications and all messages to00:18:41
and from White had to be relayed via00:18:43
>> McDivet a little bit. I don't want to00:18:45
fire the gun yet.00:18:49
>> Okay, I'm out.00:18:50
>> Okay, you're out.00:18:52
>> White carried a handheld zip gun that00:18:54
helped him maneuver. Apart from making00:18:56
certain that the space suit and life00:18:58
support system worked, he had no defined00:19:00
task to perform.00:19:03
Yeah, put a little roll in. Snook it00:19:04
right out.00:19:05
>> Ground staff were becoming concerned at00:19:06
the poor communication.00:19:08
It was important that White was back00:19:10
inside before he entered the Earth's00:19:13
shadow and before the spacecraft passed00:19:15
out of reach of radio contact with00:19:17
Hawaii. >> Come over to you.00:19:20
>> Okay, I'm coming over.00:19:22
>> Okay, stand by.00:19:23
>> You see me yet?00:19:25
>> Everything seemed easy. White was00:19:28
enjoying himself and was clearly00:19:29
disappointed when he was ordered back00:19:31
inside. Mr.00:19:34
You're right in front, Ed. You look00:19:35
beautiful.00:19:36
>> I feel like a million dollars. I will00:19:38
pick up and y'all laugh.00:19:40
>> Difficulties arose when he re-entered00:19:42
the craft.00:19:45
A spring in the locking mechanism on the00:19:47
hatch had failed, and it took 5 minutes00:19:50
of intense effort to safely seal the00:19:52
spacecraft. Again, during Gemini's 400:19:55
days in space, there were reliability00:19:57
issues. Thrusters continued to give00:19:59
problems and toward the end of the00:20:01
mission, the computer failed.00:20:11
Again, the spacecraft landed short of00:20:13
the intended target zone.00:20:16
The mission was judged a success, but00:20:19
NASA was keen to iron out the hardware00:20:21
difficulties.00:20:25
Mercury veteran Gordon Cooper would lead00:20:27
the next mission with firsttime00:20:29
astronaut Pete Conrad.00:20:32
Gemini 5 was to stay in orbit for more00:20:34
than 7 days and the pair had chosen a00:20:37
Konis Stoga wagon as a symbol of00:20:39
endurance.00:20:42
Their spacecraft would rely upon fuel00:20:45
cells that combine hydrogen and oxygen00:20:48
to produce electricity, a technology00:20:50
that delivered greater weight savings00:20:52
than batteries, allowing the longer00:20:54
duration flights for trips to the moon.00:20:59
The Aena docking craft was not yet00:21:01
ready, so they would practice rendevous00:21:04
with a rendevous evaluation pod they00:21:06
would release from the back of their00:21:08
spacecraft.00:21:12
Because Cooper and Conrad would be in00:21:14
space for so long, a series of00:21:16
observational tasks had been designed00:21:18
for which the crew had made training00:21:19
flights aboard a C130, photographing00:21:22
geometric patterns on the ground.00:21:27
Hardware problems and storms had caused00:21:29
the original launch attempt to be00:21:31
scrubbed, but 2 days later, the Gemini 500:21:34
astronauts entered their spacecraft on00:21:36
August the 19th, 1965.00:21:57
Soon after the end of powered flight,00:21:59
the crew adjusted their orbit and00:22:01
released the rendevous evaluation pod00:22:04
that Conrad had nicknamed the little00:22:06
rascal.00:22:08
Then the problems began.00:22:10
Low oxygen pressure readings in the fuel00:22:12
cells led Kooper, who was out of contact00:22:15
with mission control, to shut down all00:22:18
but essential electrical systems.00:22:23
Now relying on batteries alone, it00:22:25
appeared the mission would have to00:22:26
return early.00:22:30
At the time, no one understood that a00:22:32
malfunctioning heater within the oxygen00:22:34
tank had caused the pressure to drop.00:22:38
By the time they began switching power00:22:39
back on, batteries in the little rascal00:22:42
had gone flat and the rendevous exercise00:22:44
was no longer possible.00:22:49
On the ground, astronaut Buzz Aldrin00:22:51
began working on a virtual rendevous00:22:54
where Gemini 5 could navigate to a00:22:56
predetermined point in space.00:22:59
This worked, but soon new problems00:23:01
arose.00:23:03
Thrusters began to misbehave with00:23:05
numbers seven and eight failing00:23:07
completely.00:23:14
>> With the power shut down, fuel line00:23:16
heaters had cooled and propellant in the00:23:18
lines had frozen.00:23:22
Gemini 5 drifted through the remainder00:23:24
of its mission, breaking the record for00:23:26
onorbit [music]00:23:27
duration set 2 years earlier by Russian00:23:30
Valeri Bikovski.00:23:34
>> [music]00:23:35
>> Re-entry came one orbit early to avoid a00:23:38
tropical storm in the Atlantic.00:23:42
Again, the mission was judged a success.00:23:45
It had set a new duration record, but00:23:47
nothing had gone smoothly.00:23:57
Finally, an Atlas Agina combination was00:23:59
ready to serve as a target vehicle.00:24:02
[music]00:24:06
Wally Shira was mission commander and00:24:08
his pilot was first timer Tom Stafford.00:24:15
The Aena would launch 2 and 1/2 hours00:24:17
before Gemini 6 and the flight plan00:24:20
called for the first rendevous and00:24:21
docking to happen less than 6 hours into00:24:24
the flight. There were to be three more00:24:26
dockings during the flight that would00:24:28
last around 46 hours.00:24:31
When the astronauts were being strapped00:24:33
into their spacecraft, the Atlas Aena00:24:36
was entering the final stage of its00:24:38
countdown. 5 400:24:41
[music] momentarily at four. We have00:24:44
ignition.00:24:45
>> Ignition. [music]00:24:48
Start. We have a lift off.00:24:51
>> The launch was perfect.00:24:58
However, communications from the Aena00:25:00
went [music] dead.00:25:01
>> We had a very dramatic loss telemetry00:25:04
from the Aena. We should have gotten the00:25:06
Aena burned to places in orbit.00:25:09
The Gemini launch was cancelled and00:25:11
Stafford and Shira were left without a00:25:13
mission.00:25:18
A decision was made to postpone Gemini00:25:21
6, now called Gemini 6A, until just00:25:24
after the launch of Gemini 7, and the00:25:26
two spacecraft would rendevous.00:25:30
First time astronauts Frank Borman and00:25:32
Jim Lovevel had been training for the00:25:34
Gemini 7 mission in a specially00:25:36
developed lightweight version of the G4C00:25:39
space suit to allow more comfort during00:25:41
the flight.00:25:45
Gemini 7 had always been intended as a00:25:48
long duration flight. Mission planners00:25:50
had been hoping for 14 days.00:25:53
The objective was to solve design00:25:55
problems with spacecraft systems and to00:25:58
see what effects prolonged00:25:59
weightlessness would have on the crew.00:26:14
The long duration mission now had00:26:16
another benefit. It would allow enough00:26:18
time for Gemini 6's Titan booster to be00:26:21
erected and launched so that the00:26:24
important space rendevous could finally00:26:26
happen.00:26:29
On December the 12th, for the second00:26:31
time, the Gemini 6 crew prepared for00:26:34
launch.00:26:37
>> 5 4 3 2 1 zero.00:26:47
And we've got it.00:26:48
>> After less than two seconds, the engines00:26:50
shut down.00:26:52
>> No liftoff. The engines have shut down.00:26:57
>> An umbilical plug had separated00:26:59
prematurely.00:27:01
>> For a second time, Shira and Stafford00:27:04
failed to launch.00:27:06
3 days later, Gemini 6 made its third00:27:09
launch attempt.00:27:17
It was successful.00:27:24
Little more than 5 hours later, after00:27:26
several very accurate course00:27:28
corrections, the two Gemini capsules00:27:30
were flying side by side.00:27:33
NASA was delighted, and the footage of00:27:35
the spacecraft in orbit was shown around00:27:37
the world.00:27:46
Gemini 6 returned to an accurate00:27:48
splashdown after a flight that lasted00:27:50
one day, leaving Borman and Lovevel in00:27:53
Gemini 7 to continue their00:27:55
record-breaking flight for a further 200:27:57
days.00:28:00
Some of the thrusters were failing, as00:28:03
were the fuel cells, and the spacecraft00:28:05
had to rely on battery power for the00:28:07
remainder of the mission.00:28:16
After 14 days, they returned to the00:28:19
Atlantic around 12 km from their target00:28:22
point. Borman and Lavvel were weakened00:28:24
by their time in space, but rapidly00:28:27
returned to full health.00:28:30
After the Gemini program's fifth man00:28:32
flight, NASA had achieved one spacew00:28:34
walk and one rendevous, and there were00:28:37
still reliability issues with the00:28:38
spacecraft.00:28:44
Because there had been so many equipment00:28:46
failures, all remaining Gemini flights00:28:48
were now slated to be docking missions,00:28:50
and astronauts were spending long hours00:28:53
practicing docking maneuvers in the00:28:54
simulator.00:28:57
More mishaps could damage the schedule.00:28:59
mission planners were still hoping to00:29:01
fulfill. So, contingency arrangements00:29:03
were made.00:29:07
Dee Sllayton, who had been chosen as one00:29:09
of the original Mercury 7 astronauts,00:29:12
was now in a senior role at the00:29:13
astronaut office, charged with crew00:29:15
selection.00:29:20
Astronauts had to train as backup crew00:29:22
for a mission three flights before00:29:24
flying their own allocated mission. and00:29:26
setup of spacecraft before launch became00:29:28
the responsibility of the backup crew.00:29:32
[music]00:29:36
It became customary to take a version of00:29:38
the crew photograph that included the00:29:40
backup astronauts.00:29:42
Gemini 8's prime crew of Neil Armstrong00:29:45
and Dave Scott was backed up by Pete00:29:47
Conrad and Dick Gordon.00:29:50
Gemini 9's prime crew of Elliot [music]00:29:53
C and Charles Basset was backed up by00:29:56
Tom Stafford and Gene Cernin.00:30:01
Because NASA's research centers and the00:30:03
manufacturers that fabricated the AY's00:30:06
space hardware was scattered across the00:30:08
United States, it was customary for00:30:10
astronauts to shuttle between training00:30:12
responsibilities in one of NASA's T3800:30:16
jet trainers.00:30:24
All astronauts were qualified jet pilots00:30:27
and they had to keep their flying hours00:30:29
up. So NASA maintained a fleet of T38s00:30:32
for this purpose.00:30:36
Early in 1966, two T38s left [music] the00:30:40
man spacecraft center for the McDonald00:30:42
plant in Missouri.00:30:48
C and [music] Basset, Gemini 9's prime00:30:50
crew, died instantly when their plane00:30:53
hit the McDonald building. Bad weather00:30:56
[music] had set in, and an inquiry found00:30:58
pilot error was responsible.00:31:05
The backup crew of Stafford and Cernin00:31:07
in the other aircraft landed safely.00:31:10
NASA had suffered its first casualties00:31:13
and Stafford and Cernin became the00:31:15
Gemini 9 Prime crew. There would be no00:31:18
delay in the Gemini flight schedule.00:31:24
After the failure of the Gemini 6 AA,00:31:27
its builders Loheed were keenly aware of00:31:29
the growing lack of confidence in their00:31:31
target vehicle. They instigated a plan00:31:34
for changes to the Aena's engine.00:31:38
A corrective program known as project00:31:40
shorefire had determined that an00:31:42
explosive hard start had destroyed the00:31:44
Gemini 6 Aena.00:31:47
To prevent this, oxidizer would be fed00:31:49
to the [music] engine slightly before00:31:51
the fuel started to flow.00:31:56
As a contingency, Macdonald had00:31:58
suggested a docking collar could be00:32:00
mounted on an electronics [music]00:32:01
package without Loheed Aena.00:32:05
It could be [music] built using existing00:32:07
technology.00:32:09
Because it was light, it could be00:32:11
launched by the Atlas without the need00:32:13
for an upper stage.00:32:15
[music]00:32:16
known as the augmented target docking00:32:18
adapter or ATDA. It was built and held00:32:22
in storage.00:32:27
The Gemini 8 astronauts had been00:32:29
rehearsing NASA's second spacew walk.00:32:32
Dave Scott would wear an emergency life00:32:34
support chest pack as well as being00:32:36
connected to an umbilical tether that00:32:38
also supplied his space suit with oxygen00:32:41
and electrical power.00:32:47
In addition, a backpack stored in the00:32:50
rear of the Gemini adapter contained a00:32:52
radio and 8 kg of propellant for a00:32:55
maneuvering zip gun.00:33:00
The flight plan called for two space00:33:02
walks. The first would last for more00:33:05
than 2 hours. The second involved the00:33:08
backpack propulsion unit and a much00:33:10
longer tether.00:33:14
It was cumbersome and Scott flew more00:33:17
than 300 zerog parabas, learning how to00:33:20
cope with the equipment.00:33:28
[music] In March 1966, the Gemini 800:33:30
mission was in the final stages of00:33:32
preparation.00:33:36
For mission commander Neil Armstrong,00:33:38
this was his first space [music] flight.00:33:41
His pilot Dave Scott was also a first00:33:44
timer. Their mission was [music]00:33:46
intended to last for three days during00:33:48
which they would dock with the Aena four00:33:50
times.00:34:00
>> The plan had the Gemini spacecraft00:34:03
launching 100 minutes after the Aena00:34:05
[music] and catching up with it on the00:34:07
fourth orbit.00:34:11
Two launch centers at the Cape worked00:34:13
independently during the countdowns of00:34:15
the Atlas Agina and Gemini 8's Titan 2.00:34:20
Control of the mission would transfer to00:34:22
Houston only after each rocket had00:34:24
cleared the launch tower.00:34:29
NASA was busing in crowds of important00:34:31
people to watch the twin launches and00:34:34
bleachers had been erected at a safe00:34:36
distance.00:34:37
NASA administrator James Webb was00:34:39
acutely aware of the need to court00:34:41
public opinion. So spectacular launch00:34:44
events were now drawing big numbers.00:34:48
As Armstrong and Scott were being00:34:50
strapped into their capsule, the Atlas00:34:52
Aena was entering the final stages of00:34:54
its countdown.00:34:56
Everyone understood that should the00:34:58
target vehicle fail again, the flight00:35:00
would be postponed while mission00:35:02
planners figured out what to do.00:35:05
5 4 3 2 1 zero ignition.00:35:14
Engine start with a little bow.00:35:18
This time the Atlas Aena combination00:35:20
launched perfectly. The Aena went into a00:35:23
near circular 300 km orbit.00:35:31
In the spacecraft, Scott and Armstrong00:35:34
knew the mission's first task had been00:35:36
accomplished.00:35:40
Orbital parameters of the Aena required00:35:42
a precise launch.00:35:53
>> Gemini 8 blasted off on schedule.00:36:01
Mission control were happy with the00:36:02
Gemini's lower, faster orbit, and the00:36:05
chase began.00:36:09
In less than 6 hours, Gemini 8 was00:36:11
station keeping with the Aena.00:36:17
Passing above Southern Africa, the00:36:20
spacecraft docked.00:36:26
Mission controllers were jubilant. Yet00:36:28
trouble uploading commands to the Aena00:36:31
made planners suspicious of its attitude00:36:33
control.00:36:35
Before Gemini 8 passed out of radio00:36:37
contact, capsule communicator Jim00:36:39
Levelvel warned them to undock if they00:36:42
experienced [music] any difficulties.00:36:46
Soon the docked spacecraft started a00:36:48
combined [music] yaw and roll.00:36:55
Armstrong separated from the Aena, but00:36:58
the rate of spin increased. Thruster00:37:00
number eight was stuck on.00:37:04
Spinning rapidly, the crew's vision00:37:06
became blurred, and mission control00:37:08
feared Armstrong and Scott might pass00:37:11
out.00:37:14
>> Neil Armstrong knew that the only way to00:37:16
regain control was [music] to use the00:37:18
big thrusters in the re-entry system.00:37:21
This worked, but mission rules stated00:37:24
that a return to the ground must happen00:37:26
rapidly.00:37:28
Gemini 8 re-entered the atmosphere,00:37:30
heading for a landing in the Pacific, an00:37:33
ocean away from its planned landing00:37:35
point in the Atlantic.00:37:40
A secondary recovery team was waiting00:37:42
off the coast of Okinawa, and the crew00:37:44
were picked up 3 hours after their craft00:37:46
hit the water.00:37:49
Armstrong was depressed [music] that his00:37:51
mission had been severely curtailed and00:37:54
worried that Scott had not made his00:37:56
spacew walk.00:37:58
But Gemini 8 made the first docking and00:38:01
important people [music] took note of00:38:02
the way Armstrong had remained calm in a00:38:05
dangerous situation.00:38:12
Before the launch of Gemini 9, members00:38:14
of the press were introduced to a new00:38:16
device that would be tested during the00:38:18
next mission. The astronaut maneuvering00:38:21
unit or AMU had been designed by the Air00:38:24
Force who hoped to use it in conjunction00:38:26
with a planned manned orbiting00:38:28
laboratory.00:38:33
Practice with the unit on the ground was00:38:35
done on a near frictionless surface, but00:38:38
it was a poor simulation of the00:38:39
conditions that could be expected in00:38:41
weightlessness.00:38:43
[music]00:38:46
Tom Stafford and Jean Cernin on Gemini 900:38:49
had the objectives of rendevous,00:38:51
docking, [music] and a spacew walk,00:38:53
including the use of the AMU.00:38:58
The target vehicle was launched on May00:39:00
the 17th, 1966.00:39:07
[music]00:39:12
It functioned well until it was out of00:39:14
sight when a short circuit sent the00:39:16
Atlas booster into a nose dive.00:39:20
Mission control recalled the crew and00:39:22
NASA began work on its plan B.00:39:27
Because of the Aena's questionable00:39:29
reliability, the augmented [music]00:39:31
target docking adapter was ready and00:39:33
Atlas Builder's Convair supplied another00:39:36
booster in record time.00:39:40
This combination launched less than 200:39:42
weeks later.00:39:54
After a second false start caused by00:39:56
software difficulties, [music]00:39:58
astronauts Stafford and Cernin launched00:40:00
successfully the following day.00:40:14
When they caught up with the target00:40:16
vehicle, [music] it was obvious that00:40:18
docking would again not be possible.00:40:22
Tom Stafford described it as an angry00:40:24
alligator.00:40:27
The shroud protecting the craft during00:40:29
passage through the atmosphere [music]00:40:31
was still attached.00:40:33
Among the things NASA was learning from00:40:35
project Gemini was not to make stupid00:40:38
mistakes.00:40:41
The target adapter was different to the00:40:43
Aena and a squabble between contractors00:40:45
had seen the [music] experienced00:40:47
engineer responsible for installing the00:40:48
shroud sidelined.00:40:52
Suggestions about nudging the shroud00:40:54
with the spacecraft were rejected as too00:40:56
dangerous.00:41:01
The next objective was the spacew walk00:41:03
and the use of the AMU. But Cernin00:41:06
discovered everything took longer than00:41:08
anticipated and he was rapidly tiring.00:41:14
When the inside of his helmet started00:41:16
fogging, the exercise was abandoned.00:41:19
[music]00:41:22
NASA had never liked the AMU and it was00:41:25
scrapped.00:41:28
These Gemini spacew walk problems led to00:41:30
big changes in the way NASA approached00:41:32
the task.00:41:34
They understood that it would be00:41:36
unthinkable for a team that landed on00:41:38
the moon to remain inside the00:41:40
spacecraft.00:41:42
The next generation Apollo space suits00:41:45
incorporated an inner layer networked00:41:47
with fine tubing that carried water as a00:41:50
more positive means of preventing the00:41:52
wearer from overheating.00:41:54
However, at this stage, the new suit00:41:56
required a lot more work. For the00:41:59
remainder of the Gemini series,00:42:00
astronauts would continue with the00:42:02
aircooled G4C [music]00:42:03
suit.00:42:09
Michael Collins, who was to make two00:42:11
space walks on [music] Gemini 10, had00:42:14
been training in a vacuum chamber that00:42:16
gave him a feel for working inside his00:42:18
[music] space suit when it was swollen,00:42:19
as it would be in space.00:42:26
The ponderous training on a cushion of00:42:28
air remained the best that they could00:42:30
think of for extended spacew walk00:42:32
simulation.00:42:36
After the familiar dual launch of the00:42:38
Aena and the Titan 2, John Young and00:42:41
Michael Collins caught up with the00:42:43
target vehicle on the fourth orbit.00:42:45
[music] But a misalignment of the Gemini00:42:47
10 craft during one maneuver required00:42:49
orbital corrections that burned large00:42:51
amounts of fuel.00:42:59
Young and Collins docked with the Aena00:43:02
and after clearance from mission control00:43:04
used the target vehicle's main engine to00:43:06
lift the combined craft to a higher00:43:08
orbit.00:43:11
While passing above Africa, Collins00:43:13
opened his hatch for a standup spacew00:43:15
walk. From the higher orbit, he00:43:18
photographed stars in the southern Milky00:43:20
Way.00:43:22
The exercise went smoothly until a00:43:24
suspected contaminant in the life00:43:26
support system caused both astronauts to00:43:29
complain of stinging eyes.00:43:32
The spacew walk was terminated and the00:43:34
problem was determined to be from having00:43:36
both suit fans switched on at the same00:43:38
time.00:43:42
The craft dropped down to a lower orbit00:43:45
that allowed them to catch up with the00:43:46
dormant Aena used for the Gemini 800:43:49
mission.00:43:52
Collins did make a second spacew walk,00:43:54
but it was difficult and it was00:43:56
curtailed because of low thruster fuel00:43:58
levels.00:44:02
2 months later, Dick Gordon on Gemini 1100:44:05
had similar difficulties during his00:44:07
first spacew walk. Every task took much00:44:10
longer than anticipated with fatigue and00:44:13
maintaining his body position being00:44:14
major problems.00:44:21
One objective of the Gemini program had00:44:23
been mastered. The return to Earth was00:44:25
now routinely under computer control and00:44:28
spacecraft were splashing down in view00:44:30
of their recovery ship.00:44:39
There was only one scheduled Gemini00:44:41
mission left. And yet, the program had00:44:44
still not discovered how an astronaut00:44:46
could work effectively outside the00:44:48
capsule in the vacuum of space.00:44:57
Changes were made. A new underwater00:44:59
training routine was introduced. NASA00:45:02
had set up a Gemini Agina mockup in the00:45:04
swimming pool at the Mcdana School near00:45:06
Baltimore, and astronaut Buzz Uldren00:45:09
would be the first to rehearse his00:45:11
mission routine there.00:45:15
In addition, astronauts venturing00:45:17
outside the spacecraft had requested00:45:19
handles and handrails.00:45:22
Gemini 9 had nine restraining points.00:45:25
This had increased to 44 for Gemini 12.00:45:32
For work at the back of the spacecraft,00:45:34
where specialist items were stored and a00:45:36
workstation had been set up, tailored00:45:39
foot restraints were installed so an00:45:41
astronaut could anchor himself firmly to00:45:43
eliminate the struggle to maintain body00:45:45
position when using a wrench.00:45:55
As Uldren and mission commander Jim00:45:57
Lovevel crossed to the base of the00:45:59
launch gantry, they displayed the words00:46:01
the end on their backs. The final Gemini00:46:04
flight was to be the most complex.00:46:13
>> This would also be the last man launch00:46:15
controlled from the complex 19 block00:46:17
house. It had to be close to the launch00:46:20
tower because the pre-digital00:46:21
instrumentation demanded it.00:46:27
Jim Lavvel presented the pad closeout00:46:30
chief GANvent with a redundancy check00:46:32
for a million Deutsch marks.00:46:53
Upon reaching orbit, Lavvel and Uldren00:46:56
began tracking the target vehicle with00:46:58
radar, but reception soon became patchy,00:47:01
forcing the astronauts to rely upon sex00:47:03
sightings and paper tables to make the00:47:06
rendevous maneuvers.00:47:10
Uldren who had a doctorate in orbital00:47:13
mechanics used a slide rule for the00:47:15
calculations.00:47:18
This was a good test enabling the pair00:47:20
to demonstrate the viability of00:47:22
rendevous via more basic methods.00:47:26
Docking was achieved simply and the pair00:47:29
practiced the maneuver using different00:47:30
approaches.00:47:33
It was decided to abandon using the Aena00:47:35
to fly to a higher altitude as telemetry00:47:38
had revealed a loss of engine chamber00:47:40
pressure during its boost to orbit.00:47:45
On the ground, mission planners00:47:47
reinstated an earlier objective, the00:47:49
photographing of a partial solar00:47:51
eclipse.00:47:53
If the Gemini crew could get to the00:47:55
right part of their orbit at the right00:47:57
time, they would have just 8 seconds to00:48:00
photograph the partially obscured sun.00:48:04
It worked and again the last minute00:48:06
change of plan was a good test of the00:48:08
complete team to react quickly as events00:48:11
changed.00:48:14
This meant that the crew had little time00:48:16
to prepare for the essential element of00:48:18
the mission, but the hatch opened at the00:48:20
scheduled time, 20 minutes before the00:48:22
capsule passed into the Earth's shadow.00:48:26
The first EVA was a simple standup with00:48:29
Uldren's legs remaining inside the00:48:31
spacecraft.00:48:33
He was methodical about every move.00:48:36
After almost two complete orbits, he was00:48:39
back inside with the hatch sealed.00:48:44
While the mission was going well,00:48:46
engineers on the ground were keeping an00:48:48
eye on several worrying signs from the00:48:50
spacecraft subsystems, particularly the00:48:53
fuel cells.00:48:57
The next day, Uldren left the spacecraft00:48:59
entirely and made his way to the Aena.00:49:02
He had a completely different approach00:49:04
to his work outside.00:49:06
His experience as a scuba diver and his00:49:09
underwater training combined with the00:49:11
additional anchor points on the Gemini00:49:13
and Agina craft transformed the nature00:49:16
of the spacew walk.00:49:20
While working on the Aena, Uldren00:49:22
attached a tether between the two craft,00:49:24
returning to the Gemini capsule after a00:49:27
highly successful 2 hours and 6 minutes.00:49:32
Everything had run smoothly and mission00:49:34
controllers were delighted.00:49:41
NASA was aware of the high fuel usage00:49:43
involved in [music] station keeping and00:49:45
they wanted to see if a tether was a00:49:47
practical method to keep two spacecraft00:49:49
in proximity.00:49:53
They also wanted to set the two craft00:49:55
spinning around each other to generate a00:49:57
small amount of artificial gravity.00:50:04
After almost 4 days in space, Gemini 1200:50:07
re-entered the atmosphere. The return to00:50:10
Earth was controlled by the onboard00:50:12
computer, and the craft splashed down in00:50:14
the Atlantic close to its recovery ship,00:50:17
the aircraft carrier Wasp.00:50:23
The celebration at the completion of a00:50:25
difficult yet highly successful series00:50:28
of space flights continued and NASA felt00:50:31
confident that maneuvers required for a00:50:33
trip to the moon were no longer00:50:35
theoretical.00:50:40
President Kennedy's moon landing [music]00:50:41
deadline was met, but the contributions00:50:44
that the Gemini program made to modern00:50:46
space flight are overlooked. [music]00:50:50
Every journey to the International Space00:50:52
Station uses the rendevu and docking00:50:54
procedures [music] pioneered during00:50:57
Gemini.00:51:00
And later this decade, the Mars sample00:51:03
return mission that will bring back00:51:05
specimen tubes already being collected00:51:07
on the red planet will see the first00:51:09
rendevo in Mars orbit, which again00:51:12
builds on the legacy of Gemini.00:51:20
Astronauts and cosmonauts carry out00:51:22
routine maintenance on the ISS using00:51:25
expertise developed during Gemini00:51:28
and all space walks are [music]00:51:30
elaborately rehearsed in vast neutral00:51:32
buoyancy pools in Houston or Moscow.00:51:36
again pioneered during the Gemini00:51:38
program.Description:
In 1961 when President John F Kennedy announced his ambition to put man on the moon, many thought this would never happen. At the time space exploration technology was far behind what was needed to successfully carry out this mission. Licensed to Little Dot Studios. Subscribe to WONDER to watch more documentaries: https://www.youtube.com/WonderDocs Follow us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/unsupportedbrowser WONDER is packed with binge worthy reality documentaries for hours of entertainment. Check out our hub of diverse and empowering stories which explore the extreme side of life!
Mediafile available in formats
* — If the video is playing in a new tab, go to it, then right-click on the video and select "Save video as..."
** — Link intended for online playback in specialized players
Questions about downloading video
How can I download "Project Gemini: The World's Most Dangerous Space Program" video?
http://univideos.ru/ website is the best way to download a video or a separate audio track if you want to do without installing programs and extensions.
The UDL Helper extension is a convenient button that is seamlessly integrated into YouTube, Instagram and OK.ru sites for fast content download.
UDL Client program (for Windows) is the most powerful solution that supports more than 900 websites, social networks and video hosting sites, as well as any video quality that is available in the source.
UDL Lite is a really convenient way to access a website from your mobile device. With its help, you can easily download videos directly to your smartphone.
Which format of "Project Gemini: The World's Most Dangerous Space Program" video should I choose?
The best quality formats are FullHD (1080p), 2K (1440p), 4K (2160p) and 8K (4320p). The higher the resolution of your screen, the higher the video quality should be. However, there are other factors to consider: download speed, amount of free space, and device performance during playback.
Why does my computer freeze when loading a "Project Gemini: The World's Most Dangerous Space Program" video?
The browser/computer should not freeze completely! If this happens, please report it with a link to the video. Sometimes videos cannot be downloaded directly in a suitable format, so we have added the ability to convert the file to the desired format. In some cases, this process may actively use computer resources.
How can I download "Project Gemini: The World's Most Dangerous Space Program" video to my phone?
You can download a video to your smartphone using the website or the PWA application UDL Lite. It is also possible to send a download link via QR code using the UDL Helper extension.
How can I download an audio track (music) to MP3 "Project Gemini: The World's Most Dangerous Space Program"?
The most convenient way is to use the UDL Client program, which supports converting video to MP3 format. In some cases, MP3 can also be downloaded through the UDL Helper extension.
How can I save a frame from a video "Project Gemini: The World's Most Dangerous Space Program"?
This feature is available in the UDL Helper extension. Make sure that "Show the video snapshot button" is checked in the settings. A camera icon should appear in the lower right corner of the player to the left of the "Settings" icon. When you click on it, the current frame from the video will be saved to your computer in JPEG format.
How do I play and download streaming video?
- in video formats, hover your mouse over "Streaming Video**";
- right-click on "Copy link";
- open VLC-player;
- select Media - Open Network Stream - Network in the menu;
- paste the copied link into the input field;
- click "Play".
- copy the video address (URL);
- select "Open Network Stream" in the "Media" item of VLC player and paste the link to the video into the input field;
- click on the arrow on the "Play" button and select "Convert" in the list;
- select "Video - H.264 + MP3 (MP4)" in the "Profile" line;
- click the "Browse" button to select a folder to save the converted video and click the "Start" button;
- conversion speed depends on the resolution and duration of the video.
For this purpose you need VLC-player, which can be downloaded for free from the official website https://www.videolan.org/vlc/.
How to play streaming video through VLC player:
To download streaming video via VLC player, you need to convert it:
Warning: this download method no longer works with most YouTube videos.
What's the price of all this stuff?
It costs nothing. Our services are absolutely free for all users. There are no PRO subscriptions, no restrictions on the number or maximum length of downloaded videos.